Greenwood M, et al. Cramping and injury incidence in collegiate football players Are reduced by creatine supplementation. J Athl Train. 2003;38(3):216–9. Branch JD. Effect of creatine supplementation on body composition and performance: a meta-analysis. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2003;13(2):198–226. A number of studies have investigated the short and long-term therapeutic benefit of creatine supplementation in children and adults with various neuromuscular diseases like muscular dystrophies [ 160, 161, 162, 163, 164, 165], Huntington’s disease [ 23, 166, 167, 168, 169, 170, 171]; Parkinson disease [ 23, 40, 166, 172, 173, 174]; mitochondria-related diseases [ 29, 175, 176, 177]; and, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis or Lou Gehrig’s Disease [ 166, 178, 179, 180, 181, 182, 183, 184]. These studies have provided some evidence that creatine supplementation may improve exercise capacity and/or clinical outcomes in these patient populations. However, Bender and colleagues [ 23] recently reported results of several large clinical trials evaluating the effects of creatine supplementation in patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD), Huntington’s disease (HD), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). A total of 1,687 patients took an average of 9.5 g/day of creatine for a total of 5,480 patient years. Results revealed no clinical benefit on patient outcomes in patients with PD or ALS. However, there was some evidence that creatine supplementation slowed down progression of brain atrophy in patients with HD (although clinical markers were unaffected). Whether creatine supplementation may have a role in mediating other clinical markers in these patient populations and/or whether individual patients may respond more positively to creatine supplementation than others, remain to be determined. Nevertheless, these studies show that creatine supplementation has been used to treat children and adults with neurodegenerative conditions and is apparently safe and well-tolerated when taking up to 30 g/day for 5 years in these populations. Ischemic heart disease Dedeoglu A, et al. Creatine therapy provides neuroprotection after onset of clinical symptoms in Huntington’s disease transgenic mice. J Neurochem. 2003;85(6):1359–67.

Our high quality, ultra-pure Creatine Monohydrate supplement, manufactured to 99.9% purity, available in flavoured formulas and unflavoured for easy mixing. Lower myostatin levels: Elevated levels of the protein myostatin can slow or inhibit new muscle growth. Supplementing with creatine can reduce myostatin levels, increasing growth potential. In high intensity exercise, its primary role is to increase the phosphocreatine stores in your muscles. Increased cell hydration: Creatine lifts water content within your muscle cells, which causes a cell volumization effect that may play a role in muscle growth.Ziegenfuss TN, et al. Effect of creatine loading on anaerobic performance and skeletal muscle volume in NCAA division I athletes. Nutrition. 2002;18(5):397–402.

Bertin M, et al. Origin of the genes for the isoforms of creatine kinase. Gene. 2007;392(1–2):273–82. Scofield DE, Unruh S. Dietary supplement use among adolescent athletes in central Nebraska and their sources of information. J Strength Cond Res. 2006;20(2):452–5. Ayoama R, Hiruma E, Sasaki H. Effects of creatine loading on muscular strength and endurance of female softball players. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 2003;43(4):481–7.Creatine is one of the world’s most tested supplements and has an outstanding safety profile. Does creatine work for women? Hanna-El-Daher L, Braissant O. Creatine synthesis and exchanges between brain cells: what can be learned from human creatine deficiencies and various experimental models? Amino Acids. 2016;48(8):1877–95. Op’t Eijnde B, et al. Effect of oral creatine supplementation on human muscle GLUT4 protein content after immobilization. Diabetes. 2001;50(1):18–23. Deminice R, et al. Creatine supplementation prevents hyperhomocysteinemia, oxidative stress and cancer-induced cachexia progression in Walker-256 tumor-bearing rats. Amino Acids. 2016;48(8):2015–24. Freire Royes LF, Cassol G. The effects of Creatine supplementation and physical exercise on traumatic brain injury. Mini Rev Med Chem. 2016;16(1):29–39.

Hass CJ, Collins MA, Juncos JL. Resistance training with creatine monohydrate improves upper-body strength in patients with Parkinson disease: a randomized trial. Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2007;21(2):107–15. Alves CR, et al. Creatine-induced glucose uptake in type 2 diabetes: a role for AMPK-alpha? Amino Acids. 2012;43(4):1803–7. Stone MH, et al. Effects of in-season (5 weeks) creatine and pyruvate supplementation on anaerobic performance and body composition in American football players. Int J Sport Nutr. 1999;9(2):146–65. Drory VE, Gross D. No effect of creatine on respiratory distress in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Amyotroph Lateral Scler Other Motor Neuron Disord. 2002;3(1):43–6.

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Tarnopolsky MA, Roy BD, MacDonald JR. A randomized, controlled trial of creatine monohydrate in patients with mitochondrial cytopathies. Muscle Nerve. 1997;20(12):1502–9.