Ensuring that the chair restraint process is as fully refined as possible will reduce any stress and discomfort to a minimum, ultimately facilitating good performance from the monkey and good quality scientific data. The authors conclude that there is a need for members of the non-human primate research community to work together to refine chair restraint procedures, and provide a number of recommendations for refinement. These include more pre-study training based on positive reinforcement techniques, standard operating procedures to increase consistency in animal training and monitoring, greater use of specialist training consultants and discussion of training procedures between laboratories, and the need for staff to have a better understanding of macaque behaviour. Burnett DR, Huyett LM, Zisser HC, Doyle FJ 3rd, Mensh BD (2014) Glucose sensing in the peritoneal space offers faster kinetics than sensing in the subcutaneous space. Diabetes 63(7):2498–2505 This Spanking Bench is made right here in the USA using real hardwood and metal, so if you’re looking for a substantial piece that you can trust to be sturdy, this is for you. Chronically dysfunctional carbohydrate metabolism results in diabetes due to a relative deficiency of insulin. Various animal models have been used in research for understanding diabetes and discovering novel therapies for the disease [ 1– 4]. Nonhuman primates (NHPs) can naturally develop to Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in a way similar to the progression and onset of T2DM in humans. Dysmetabolic NHPs have thus been used for diabetes and obesity research in many studies [ 5– 8]. NHP models also play an important role in screening novel compounds for regulation of food intake, blood glucose, and/or body weight. The data from NHP models can result in discovery and validation of new mechanism or therapeutic strategy and target of dysmetabolic diseases [ 9, 10].

Hawley JA, Lessard SJ (2008) Exercise training-induced improvements in insulin action. Acta physiol 192(1):127–135 Positioning furniture can help take the strain off of your body and enable you to try positions you might not be able to otherwise. That could be something as simple as a cushion to support your spine and reduce your pain or something more involved like a sex bench to hold limbs in place. By requiring companies to pay sustainable prices for items such as for this Child’s Dangling Monkey Chair (which must never fall lower than the market price), Fairtrade looks at the injustices of conventional trade, which traditionally discriminates against the poorest, weakest producers. It enables them to improve their position and have more control over their lives. Multi-point calibrations were needed to establish a linear relationship between the sensor outputs and blood glucose levels at the beginning of initial data collection and also at the end of the study. During calibration, the blood glucose levels should differ by at least 100 mg/dL to minimize calibration errors due to the inaccuracy of glucose reference. Our study used intravenous injection of glucose to get multi-point calibrations. Single-point calibrationIt says the chair includes an adapter so you can attach your favorite toys but I’m not seeing images of what that looks like. Furniture that is designed with getting down in mind is fantastic for people who find themselves frustrated, uncomfortable, or in pain with certain positions. This includes partnerships with a wide difference in body type or height and everyone as we age.

It comes with a realistic TPE toy (not silicone so could be better but if you’re not sharing it, that’s not the end of the world). The toy has five inches of insertable length and a diameter of 1.5 inches. And if you’re not quite sure what that means, EdenFantasys has one of my favorite features of all time where you can view the item in Real Size by adjusting the size of the item to fit a scaled image held up to your screen like a US dollar and credit card. It’s made up of two padded platforms that can be used in whatever way your imagination can dream up. Designed for paddling, the top platform is height adjustable so the sub can kneel comfortably–or not, depending on your preference. It adjusts by angling one side up, so the higher the position, the more extreme of a bend the person strapped in will have, which sounds like a good time to me. Dye L, Mansfield M, Lasikiewicz N, Mahawish L, Schnell R, Talbot D, Chauhan H, Croden F, Lawton C (2010) Correspondence of continuous interstitial glucose measurement against arterialised and capillary glucose following an oral glucose tolerance test in healthy volunteers. Br J Nutr 103(1):134–140 Zhu H, Yu L, He Y, Wang B (2014) Nonhuman primate models of type 1 diabetes mellitus for islet transplantation. J Diabetes Res. doi: 10.1155/2014/785948 Specifically designed “restraint chairs” are the most common method of restraint for various research studies that require macaques to “sit” in place for sustained periods of time. Although widely used in academic and government laboratories for neuroscience studies, and in the pharmaceutical and contract research industry for dosing and sampling procedures, very little published information is available about their use.Li Y, Xu W, Liao Z, Yao B, Chen X, Huang Z, Hu G, Weng J (2004) Induction of long-term glycemic control in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetic patients is associated with improvement of beta-cell function. Diabetes Care 27(11):2597–2602 Porcellati F, Lucidi P, Bolli GB, Fanelli CG (2013) Thirty years of research on the dawn phenomenon: lessons to optimize blood glucose control in diabetes. Diabetes Care 36:3860–3862 Ensuring that the chair restraint process is as fully refined as possible will reduce any stress and discomfort to a minimum, facilitating good performance from the monkey and good scientific data. Workshop funding The overnight-fasted monkeys were restrained in the monkey chair. After stabilization of their blood glucose levels based on the HD-XG glucose signals, angiotensin II at 2 μg/kg was administered intravenously by bolus injection. Blood glucose level gradually increased and reached the peak within 10 min after angiotensin II injection in both normoglycemic (L02) and diabetic (J04) monkeys (Fig. 6b). The hyperglycemic response to angiotensin II slowly waned and lately even went lower than the pre-angiotensin II level in the diabetic animal (J04, Fig. 6b). It is interesting that intravenous bolus injection of acetylcholine at 1 μg/kg did not alter blood glucose levels in both normoglycemic and diabetic monkeys implanted with HD-XG telemetry devices (data not shown). Glucose tolerance test and other tests in NHPs with implanted HD-XG device

Hansen BC (2012) Investigation and treatment of type 2 diabetes in nonhuman primates. Methods Mol Biol 933:177–185 Fibrin and/or tissue adhered to the glucose sensor area of the electrode placed in the artery can affect glucose readings. To obtain an optimal performance and accuracy of glucose readings, the implanted HD-XG device must be calibrated by reference measurements of tail vein blood samples with the Nova StatStrip Glucose Meter (Nova ® Biomedical, Waltham, MA, USA) from time to time during study. Raw telemetry data are recorded in nanoamperes (nA) and calibration reference values are recorded in mg/dL. The calibration algorithm converts the telemetry (nA) data to the values that are equivalent to the appropriate mg/dL results. Multi-point calibration Fairtrade is about better prices, but also decent working conditions, local sustainability, and fair terms of trade for farmers and workers in the developing world. Workers who make items such as this Child’s Dangling Monkey Chair. To validate the reliability of the telemetry method, blood glucose levels were measured at different time points and with or without various challenges 1 week after device implantation. During the study, 187 blood glucose parameters were collected by both telemetry and glucometer methods in normoglycemic ( n = 3) and diabetic ( n = 2) monkeys. The blood glucose levels measured by the telemetry method were highly correlated with those read by the glucometer (Fig. 1d, Y = 0.9804 x + 3.2753, R² = 0.9466, p< 0.001), which suggests that the telemetry method with the implantable HD-XG device is reliable for continuous blood glucose monitoring. Blood glucose fluctuations during daily activities

The experimental animals (normoglycemia, n = 3 and diabetes, n = 2) were fasted overnight (approximately 16 h) and restrained in the monkey chair. When blood glucose stabilized for around 30 min via observation of the HD-XG glucose signals, the glucose solution (1.75 g/kg = 5 mL/kg of 35% dextrose) was given to the animal via oral gavage. Blood glucose was measured by glucometer (StatStrip Xpress meter) immediately before and at 15, 30, 60, 90, 120, and 180 min after glucose administration. Meanwhile, blood glucose levels were monitored by the implanted HD-XG device throughout the entire test. The results were plotted and correlated with each other very well (Fig. 7, OGTT). ITT It is interesting that compared with nighttime, blood glucose was relatively lower during most daytime in the normoglycemic monkeys, but not the case in the diabetic ones (Fig. 3). The daily circadian of blood glucose in the diabetes monkeys was higher during daytime with starting from very early morning (Fig. 3). This phenomenon could result from insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency in diabetic NHPs, which is similar to the observation in diabetic patients [ 18]. Clinically, glucose circadian changes are influenced by levels of both insulin and the counter-regulatory hormones, such as glucagon, adrenaline, growth hormone, and cortisol. There is a surge in the amount of released growth hormone beginning from the middle night, followed by a surge in cortisol to increase liver blood glucose production. These processes are offset by increased insulin secretion to maintain blood glucose relatively stable in normoglycemic individuals. However, in diabetic patients, hormone changes during sleep can have a powerful effect on morning blood glucose level, an event dubbed the “dawn phenomenon” [ 19, 20]. Xiao YF, Wang B, Wang X, Du F, Benzinou M, Wang YX (2013) Xylazine-induced reduction of tissue sensitivity to insulin leads to acute hyperglycemia in diabetic and normoglycemic monkeys. BMC Anesthesiol 13(1):33 Harwood HJ Jr, Listrani P, Wagner JD (2012) Nonhuman primates and other animal models in diabetes research. J Diabetes Sci Technol 6(3):503–514 It also has a hole on top of it where you can insert a vibe or other toy and you can use it as a mountable chair or stand it up on its side flat against the headboard.