a b c d e f g h Bruce, Maurice (March 1958). "The Krampus in Styria". Folklore. 69 (1): 44–47. doi: 10.1080/0015587X.1958.9717121. Oltermann, Philip (8 December 2019). "Austria struggles with marauding Krampus demons gone rogue: Police record rising violence and drunkenness in relation to traditional folkloric festivities". The Guardian . Retrieved 8 December 2019. Siefker, Phyllis (1997). Santa Claus, last of the Wild Men: the origins and evolution of Saint Nicholas. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland and Co. pp.155–159. ISBN 978-0-7864-0246-5. Olsen, Erik (21 December 2014). "In Bavaria, Krampus Catches the Naughty". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 8 November 2020. Sveti Nikola – Mikulaš"[Saint Nicholas - Mikulas]. www.hrvatskarijec.rs (in Croatian). Archived from the original on 22 December 2015 . Retrieved 14 December 2015.

Horror for the Holidays: Meet the Anti Santa". NPR. National Public Radio . Retrieved 22 December 2011. In Styria, the Rute is presented by Krampus to families. The twigs are painted gold and displayed year-round in the house—a reminder to any child who has temporarily forgotten Krampus. In smaller, more isolated villages, the figure has other beastly companions, such as the antlered "wild man" figures, and St Nicholas is nowhere to be seen. These Styrian companions of Krampus are called Schabmänner or Rauhen. [17]Crimmins, Peter (10 December 2011). "Horror for the Holidays: Meet the Anti-Santa". National Public Radio. Williams, Victoria (2016). Celebrating Life Customs around the World: From Baby Showers to Funerals. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. p.222. ISBN 978-1-4408-3659-6– via Google Books. Europeans have been exchanging greeting cards featuring Krampus since the 19th century. [26] Sometimes introduced with Gruß vom Krampus (Greetings from Krampus), the cards usually have humorous rhymes and poems. Krampus is often featured looming menacingly over children. He is also shown as having one human foot and one cloven hoof. In some, Krampus has sexual overtones; he is pictured pursuing buxom women. [27] Over time, the representation of Krampus in the cards has changed; older versions have a more frightening Krampus, while modern versions have a cuter, more Cupid-like creature. [ citation needed] Krampus has also adorned postcards and candy containers. [28] Regional variation [ edit ] Honigmann, John J. (Autumn 1977). "The Masked Face". Ethos. 5 (3): 263–80. doi: 10.1525/eth.1977.5.3.02a00020.

Hix, Lisa (11 December 2012). "You'd Better Watch Out: Krampus Is Coming to Town". Collectors Weekly . Retrieved 4 December 2018. The origin of the figure is unclear; some folklorists and anthropologists have postulated it as having pre-Christian origins. [2] In traditional parades and in such events as the Krampuslauf (English: Krampus run), young men dressed as Krampus attempt to scare the audience with their antics. [3] Such events occur annually in most Alpine towns. [4] Krampus is featured on holiday greeting cards called Krampuskarten. Austrians in the community we studied are quite aware of "heathen" elements being blended with Christian elements in the Saint Nicholas customs and in other traditional winter ceremonies. They believe Krampus derives from a pagan supernatural who was assimilated to the Christian devil. [9] Discussing his observations in 1975 while in Irdning, a small town in Styria, anthropologist John J. Honigmann wrote that: Apkarian-Russell, Pamela (2001). Postmarked yesteryear: art of the holiday postcard. Portland, Oregon: Collectors Press. p.136. ISBN 978-1-888054-54-5.

Skate Accessories

a b "Joines & Kotz's "Krampus!" Terrorizes Christmas at Image". Comic Book Resources. 19 November 2013. Archived from the original on 26 January 2021 . Retrieved 21 December 2014. Kallikantzaros– Malevolent goblin in Southeastern European and Anatolian folklore – Creature in Balkan folklore Mittermayr, Helmut (8 December 2013). "70 Verletzte bei Krampuslauf"[70 injured in Krampus run]. Tiroler Tageszeitung (in German). McFarland, Kevin (16 December 2013). "American Dad: "Minstrel Krampus" ". The A.V. Club . Retrieved 5 September 2020. Gatzke, Gretchen (1 December 2009). "Krampus? Who's That?". The Vienna Review . Retrieved 17 December 2011.

Davis, Robert (2004). Christian Slaves, Muslim Masters: White Slavery in the Mediterranean, the Barbary Coast, and Italy, 1500–1800. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-1403945518. Goatman – a malevolent figure in urban folklore originating in Southern United States, like Maryland Ridenour, Al (2016). The Krampus and the Old Dark Christmas: Roots and Rebirth of the Folkloric Devil. Port Townsend, WA: Feral House. ISBN 978-1-62731-034-5. Run, Kris Kringle, Krampus is Coming!". Der Spiegel Online. 2 December 2008 . Retrieved 17 December 2011. In the 1950s, the government distributed pamphlets titled "Krampus Is an Evil Man" for fear that encounters with Krampus might damage children's mental health. [12] Towards the end of the century, a popular resurgence of Krampus celebrations occurred and continues today. [13]

Cruisers

The figure has been imported into American popular culture, and has appeared in movies, TV and video games. Krampus appears in the folklore of Austria, Bavaria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Romania, Northern Italy ( Autonomous Province of Trento and South Tyrol), Slovakia, and Slovenia. [29] Silver, Marc (30 November 2009). "Merry Krampus?". NGM Blog Central. National Geographic Society. Archived from the original on 22 September 2010 . Retrieved 17 December 2011.

Throw Out Krampus". Time. 7 December 1953. p.41. Archived from the original on 22 December 2008 . Retrieved 18 December 2011.

Team Decks

a b c Basu, Tanya (17 December 2013). "Who is Krampus? Explaining the Horrific Christmas Devil". National Geographic Magazine. National Geographic Society. Archived from the original on 20 February 2014 . Retrieved 23 April 2014. It is customary to offer a Krampus schnapps, a strong distilled fruit brandy. [17] These runs may include Perchten, similarly wild pagan spirits of Germanic folklore and sometimes female in representation, although the Perchten are properly associated with the period between winter solstice and 6 January. A seasonal play that spread throughout the Alpine regions was known as the Nikolausspiel [ de] ("Nicholas play"). Inspired by Paradise plays, [ citation needed] which focused on Adam and Eve's encounter with a tempter, the Nicholas plays featured competition for the human souls and played on the question of morality. In these Nicholas plays, Saint Nicholas would reward children for scholarly efforts rather than for good behavior. [24] This is a theme that grew in Alpine regions where the Roman Catholic Church had significant influence. [ citation needed] Perchtenlauf and Krampuslauf [ edit ]