Smedley, Edward; Rose, Hugh James; Rose, Henry John (1845). Encyclopaedia Metropolitana, Or, Universal Dictionary of Knowledge: Comprising the Twofold Advantage of a Philosophical and an Alphabetical Arrangement, with Appropriate Engravings. B. Fellowes. pp.255–. Even stranger than hook-filled clubs are the lengthy filaments boasted by vampire squid ( Vampyroteuthis infernalis). Vampire squid are the only cephalopods that spend their entire lives in the ocean's lightless oxygen minimum zone, which occurs about 656 to 3,280 feet (200 to 1,000 meters) under the water's surface, according to the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute in California. Because vampire squid live at such extreme depths, they're challenging to study — researchers discovered the function of their filaments only in 2012, as detailed in the journal Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. The standard plural in English of octopus is octopuses, according to the Oxford English Dictionary. As a word that comes from Greek, it follows Greek rules for plurals. The word "octopi," which follows Latin rules for plurals, is incorrect. Godfrey-Smith, Peter (2018). Other Minds: The Octopus, the Sea, and the Deep Origins of Consciousness. William Collins. pp.77–105, 137–157. ISBN 978-0-00-822629-9. Ramirez, M. Desmond; Oakley, Todd H. (2015). "Eye-independent, light-activated chromatophore expansion (LACE) and expression of phototransduction genes in the skin of Octopus bimaculoides". Journal of Experimental Biology. 218 (10): 1513–1520. doi: 10.1242/jeb.110908. ISSN 1477-9145. PMC 4448664. PMID 25994633.

Fuchs, Dirk; Schweigert, Günter (2018). "First Middle–Late Jurassic gladius vestiges provide new evidence on the detailed origin of incirrate and cirrate octopuses (Coleoidea)". PalZ. 92 (2): 203–217. doi: 10.1007/s12542-017-0399-8. ISSN 0031-0220. S2CID 135245479.Harmon, Katherine (27 August 2013). "Even Severed Octopus Arms Have Smart Moves". Octopus Chronicles. Scientific American. Norman, M. D.; Finn, J.; Tregenza, T. (2001). "Dynamic mimicry in an Indo-Malayan octopus" (PDF). Proceedings of the Royal Society. 268 (1478): 1755–8. doi: 10.1098/rspb.2001.1708. PMC 1088805. PMID 11522192. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 February 2012 . Retrieved 1 October 2008. We’ve sort of villainised anthropomorphising animals on the grounds that we shouldn’t assume that the human experience relates directly to the animal experience. And that’s fair,” he says. “But we also shouldn’t assume that it doesn’t – the two are not completely divorced from one another.” We [are] continually deciding whether we want to be the kind of society that views nature as property, as commodities,” he says. “Or be one that treats nature as its own entity, an entity in which we’re immersed, something with its own ends and goals, an entity that we share with myriads of individuals and many, many species who can live better or worse lives.”

Another study suggests that two of the octopuses’ arms are mainly used as legs while the remaining six are employed for other important functions such as feeding. According to this study octopuses have two legs and six arms. The giant Pacific octopus (Enteroctopus dofleini) is often cited as the largest known octopus species. Adults usually weigh around 15kg (33lb), with an arm span of up to 4.3m (14ft). [19] The largest specimen of this species to be scientifically documented was an animal with a live mass of 71kg (157lb). [20] Much larger sizes have been claimed for the giant Pacific octopus: [21] one specimen was recorded as 272kg (600lb) with an arm span of 9m (30ft). [22] A carcass of the seven-arm octopus, Haliphron atlanticus, weighed 61kg (134lb) and was estimated to have had a live mass of 75kg (165lb). [23] [24] The smallest species is Octopus wolfi, which is around 2.5cm (1in) and weighs less than 1g (0.035oz). [25] External characteristics Derby, C. D. (2014). "Cephalopod Ink: Production, Chemistry, Functions and Applications". Marine Drugs. 12 (5): 2700–2730. doi: 10.3390/md12052700. PMC 4052311. PMID 24824020. With many satellite or mini-brains, cephalopods are able to process certain information from its arm without consulting the main (central) brain. Like if you were watching TV, your hand could search for the remote or grab the popcorn without you even having to think about it! Common Octopus By: Dr. Chelsea Bennice What’s the difference between an octopus arm and a tentacle? Mann, T. (2012). Spermatophores: Development, Structure, Biochemical Attributes and Role in the Transfer of Spermatozoa. Springer. p.28. ISBN 978-3-642-82308-4.Norman, M. D. (2005). "The 'Mimic Octopus' ( Thaumoctopus mimicus n. gen. et sp.), a new octopus from the tropical Indo-West Pacific (Cephalopoda: Octopodidae)". Molluscan Research. 25 (2): 57–70. doi: 10.11646/mr.25.2.1. S2CID 260016769. Fry, B. G.; Roelants, K.; Norman, J. A. (2009). "Tentacles of Venom: Toxic Protein Convergence in the Kingdom Animalia". Journal of Molecular Evolution. 68 (4): 311–321. Bibcode: 2009JMolE..68..311F. doi: 10.1007/s00239-009-9223-8. ISSN 0022-2844. PMID 19294452. S2CID 13354905. a b Stewart, Doug (1997). "Armed but not dangerous: Is the octopus really the invertebrate intellect of the sea". National Wildlife. 35 (2). Kumph H.E. (1960). "Arm abnormality in octopus". Nature. 185 (4709): 334–335. doi: 10.1038/185334a0. S2CID 4226765. Yekutieli, Y.; Sagiv-Zohar, R.; Aharonov, R.; Engel, Y.; Hochner, B.; Flash, T. (2005). "Dynamic model of the octopus arm. I. Biomechanics of the octopus reaching movement". Journal of Neurophysiology. 94 (2): 1443–1458. doi: 10.1152/jn.00684.2004. PMID 15829594. S2CID 14711055.

Octopus". Oxforddictionaries.com. 2014. Archived from the original on 30 October 2012 . Retrieved 4 February 2014. Blanch the octopus: After thawing in the fridge for a day or so, bring a large pot of water to a rolling boil. Do not salt. Once the water is boiling hard, place the octopus in the pot, cover, and return to a boil. The cooking time will vary depending on the size: For small ones that can fit in your hand, cook for a minute or two. For medium (about a foot long and weighing less than a half-pound) boil for 4 to 5 minutes. For large octopus (around 5 pounds), boil for a good 8 to 10 minutes. Laschi, Cecilia (2015). "Soft Robotics Research, Challenges, and Innovation Potential, Through Showcases". Soft Robotics. pp.255–264. doi: 10.1007/978-3-662-44506-8_21. ISBN 978-3-662-44505-1. The Tentacle presents its certificate as a client certificate so Octopus can verify the identity of the Tentacle. Cosgrove, J.A. 1987. Aspects of the Natural History of Octopus dofleini, the Giant Pacific Octopus. MSc Thesis. Department of Biology, University of Victoria (Canada), 101 pp.

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a b c d e f g h i j k l m Ruppert, Edward E.; Fox, Richard S.; Barnes, Robert D. (2008). Invertebrate Zoology. Cengage Learning. pp.363–364. ISBN 978-81-315-0104-7. How about all these photos and video footage featuring octopuses which have seven, six, five, or even four arms?