In a circular economy, business models play a crucial role in enabling the shift from linear to circular processes. Various business models have been identified that support circularity, including product-as-a-service, sharing platforms, and product life extension models, among others. [15] These models aim to optimize resource utilization, reduce waste, and create value for businesses and customers alike, while contributing to the overall goals of the circular economy. The circular economy is a framework of three principles, driven by design: eliminate waste and pollution, keeping products and materials in use and regenerate natural systems. [6] It is based increasingly on renewable energy and materials, and it is accelerated by digital innovation. It is a resilient, distributed, diverse, and inclusive economic model. The circular economy is an economic concept often linked to sustainable development, provision of the Sustainable Development Goals (Global Development Goals) and an extension of a green economy. [ citation needed] a b Cramer, Jacqueline (2017). "The Raw Materials Transition in the Amsterdam Metropolitan Area: Added Value for the Economy, Well-Being, and the Environment". Environment. Taylor & Francis. 59 (3): 14–21. doi: 10.1080/00139157.2017.1301167. S2CID 157859507. Shpak, Nestor; Kuzmin, Oleh; Melnyk, Olga; Ruda, Mariana; Sroka, Włodzimierz (August 2020). "Implementation of a Circular Economy in Ukraine: The Context of European Integration". Resources. 9 (8): 96. doi: 10.3390/resources9080096. ISSN 2079-9276.

Cradle to Cradle | The Product-Life Institute". Product-life.org. 2012-11-14 . Retrieved 2013-11-20.a b Scott, W. Richard (2008). Institutions and Organization: Ideas and Interest (Thirded.). Stanford University: Sage Publications. pp.50–51. ISBN 978-1-4129-5090-9. End plastic pollution: Towards an international legally binding instrument*" (PDF). United Nations Environmental Programm . Retrieved 13 March 2022.

Babri, Maira; Corvellec, Hervé; Stål, Herman I. (2021-10-11). "Material affordances in circular products and business model development: for a relational understanding of human and material agency". Culture and Organization. 28 (1): 79–96. doi: 10.1080/14759551.2021.1986506. ISSN 1475-9551. S2CID 240732205.

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Historic day in the campaign to beat plastic pollution: Nations commit to develop a legally binding agreement". UN Environment Programme (UNEP). 2 March 2022 . Retrieved 11 March 2022. Tecchio, Paolo; McAlister, Catriona; Mathieux, Fabrice; Ardente, Fulvio (1 December 2017). "In search of standards to support circularity in product policies: A systematic approach". Journal of Cleaner Production. 168: 1533–1546. doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.05.198. ISSN 0959-6526. PMC 5656090. PMID 29200663. Hub, IISD's SDG Knowledge. "WEF Launches Public-Private Platform on Circular Economy | News | SDG Knowledge Hub | IISD" . Retrieved 2019-03-12. rounded - curving and somewhat round in shape rather than jagged; "low rounded hills"; "rounded shoulders" We support Berlin’s circular economy actors, by connecting them thought digital tools and regular events.

In 2018, the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) established a technical committee, TC 323, in the field of circular economy to develop frameworks, guidance, supporting tools, and requirements for the implementation of activities of all involved organizations, to maximize the contribution to Sustainable Development. [124] Four new ISO standards are under development and in the direct responsibility of the committee (consisting of 70 participating members and 11 observing members). [ citation needed] Strategic management in a circular economy [ edit ] In 2010, the concept of circular economy started to become popular internationally after the publication of several reports. [32] Towards the Circular Economy" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2015-11-23 . Retrieved 18 April 2021. The Luxembourg added in 2019 Circular economy in their data-driven innovation strategy, considering it now as a crucial field for innovation in the next years. It is present in most sectors of the country's development plan even if it is still only at the beginning of its development. [247] Kaipainen, Jenni; Urbinati, Andrea; Chiaroni, Davide; Aarikka-Stenroos, Leena (2022-10-12). "How companies innovate business models and supply chains for a circular economy: a multiple-case study and framework". International Journal of Innovation Management. 26 (9). doi: 10.1142/S1363919622400242. hdl: 11311/1231117. ISSN 1363-9196. S2CID 252956518.Castro, Camila Gonçalves; Trevisan, Adriana Hofmann; Pigosso, Daniela C. A.; Mascarenhas, Janaina (2022-04-15). "The rebound effect of circular economy: Definitions, mechanisms and a research agenda". Journal of Cleaner Production. 345: 131136. doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.131136. ISSN 0959-6526. S2CID 247150037. The Netherlands set a plan of action for circular economy in 2016 and have been doing additional efforts for a transition towards a 100% circular economy by 2050 (and 50% by 2030). The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research estimates that a full shift towards Circular Economy will, at the long term, generate not less than 7.3 billion euros and 540,000 new jobs in the sector. The work will be developed around the five pillars mentioned above: plastics, biomass and food, the construction sector, the manufacturing industry, and consumer goods. [229] The government has also put a fund in place to facilitate and accelerate the shift. These funds are part of the 300 million € annually spent by the government for climate-related decisions and actions. The envelope is also completed by the ministry of infrastructure, which allocated €40 million for circular economy-related actions in 2019 and 2020. Other actions such as an allocation of subsidies for enterprises that make change or invest in the field have been taken. Initiatives at the subnational level are also encouraged and regions such as Groningen, Friesland, the Northern Netherlands, etc. ere taking actions to not only reduce their environmental impact but accelerate and accentuate their actions towards Circular economy. [246] The Grand Duchy of Luxembourg [ edit ] On the other hand, implementing a circular economy in the United States has been presented by Ranta et al. [45] who analyzed the institutional drivers and barriers for the circular economy in different regions worldwide, by following the framework developed by Scott R. [78] In the article, different worldwide environment-friendly institutions were selected, and two types of manufacturing processes were chosen for the analysis (1) a product-oriented, and (2) a waste management. [45] [78] Specifically, in the U.S., the product-oriented company case in the study was Dell, a US manufacturing company for computer technology, which was the first company to offer free recycling to customers and to launch to the market a computer made from recycling materials from a verified third-party source. [45] Moreover, the waste management case that includes many stages such as collection, disposal, recycling [79] in study was Republic Services, the second-largest waste management company in the US. The approach to defining the drivers and barriers was to first identify indicators for their cases in study and then to categorize these indicators into drivers when the indicator was in favor of the circular economy model or a barrier when it was not. [45]

Brydges, Taylor (2021-04-15). "Closing the loop on take, make, waste: Investigating circular economy practices in the Swedish fashion industry". Journal of Cleaner Production. 293: 126245. doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.126245. ISSN 0959-6526. S2CID 233577453.Morseletto, Piero (2020). "Restorative and regenerative: Exploring the concepts in the circular economy". Journal of Industrial Ecology. 24 (4): 763–773. doi: 10.1111/jiec.12987. ISSN 1530-9290. S2CID 203500060. Walter R. Stahel and Geneviève Reday-Mulvey in their book "The Potential for Substituting Manpower for Energy" lay the foundation for the principles of the circular economy by describing how increasing labour may reduce energy intensive activities. Davies, Matthew. "Solar panels: we need to recycle parts of them to use again and avoid a mountain of waste". techxplore.com . Retrieved 29 May 2022.