Masculinities are those behaviours, languages and practices, existing in specific cultural and organisational locations, which are commonly associated with men, thus culturally defined as not feminine 64.

New theory has recognized the layering and potential internal contradictions within all practices that construct masculinities. This is a departure from a unitary masculinity and focus on compromised formations between contradictory desires or emotions. Masculinities are configurations of practice that are constructed, unfold, and change through time. [3] One area of focus may represent that of Western fathers given the gender division of labour in child care, the "long hours culture" of professions and management, and the preoccupation of rich fathers with managing their wealth. [3] While these practices may adhere to conventional Western ideas of hegemonic masculinity, this may not necessarily translate into a satisfying life experience. As gender relations evolve and women's movements grow stronger, the dynamics of masculinities may see a complete abolition of power differentials and a more equitable relationship between men and women and between men and other men. [29] This positive hegemony remains a key strategy for contemporary efforts at reforming gender relations. [27] Groes-Green has argued that Connell's theory of masculinities risks excluding the possibility of more gender equitable or "philogynous" forms of masculinity such as those he has identified in Mozambique. He urges social researchers to begin developing theories and concepts that can improve an understanding of how more positive, alternative and less dominant masculinities may develop even if these are always embedded in local gender power relations. [34] Lifespan development [ edit ] Early childhood [ edit ] In the United States Connell was visiting professor of Australian studies at Harvard University 1991–1992, and professor of sociology at University of California Santa Cruz 1992–1995. [7] She was a rank-and-file member of the Australian Labor Party until the early 1980s and a trade unionist, currently in the National Tertiary Education Union. She has been considered a prominent intellectual of the Australian New Left. [8] Connell is a trans woman, who formally began transitioning late in life. [13] Almost all her earlier work was published under the gender-neutral name "R. W. Connell" up to the second edition of "Masculinities" in 2005. Since 2006 all her work has appeared under the name Raewyn Connell. Connell has also written about trans women and feminism from an international perspective. [14] [15] Major contributions [ edit ] Early criticisms of the concept raised the question of who actually represents hegemonic masculinity. [3] Many men who hold great social power do not embody other aspects of ideal masculinity. Patricia Yancey Martin [22] criticizes the concept for leading to inconsistent applications sometimes referring to a fixed type and other times to whatever the dominant form is. Margaret Wetherell and Nigel Edley [23] contend this concept fails to specify what conformity to hegemonic masculinity actually looks like in practice. Similarly Stephen M. Whitehead [24] suggests there is confusion over who actually is a hegemonically masculine man. Inspired by Gramsci's differentiation between hegemony as a form of ideological consent and dominance as an expression of conflict, Christian Groes-Green [25] has argued that when hegemonic masculinities are challenged in a society dominant masculinities are emerging based on bodily powers, such as violence and sexuality, rather than based on economic and social powers. Through examples from his fieldwork among youth in Maputo, Mozambique he shows that this change is related to social polarization, new class identities and the undermining of breadwinner roles and ideologies in a neoliberal economy. This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sourcesin this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sourcesin this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( December 2021) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message) Access-restricted-item true Addeddate 2022-02-08 13:06:37 Bookplateleaf 0002 Boxid IA40337319 Camera Sony Alpha-A6300 (Control) Collection_set printdisabled External-identifier

Connell, Raewyn (2010). "Periphery and Metropole in the History of Sociology". Sociologisk Forskning. 47 (1): 72–86. doi: 10.37062/sf.47.18449. JSTOR 20853698. S2CID 145270318. a b De Visser, Richard O.; McDonnell, Elizabeth J. (January 2013). "Man points: masculine capital and young men's health". Health Psychology. 32 (1): 5–14. doi: 10.1037/a0029045. PMID 22888820.

Translations

Fefferman, Ann M.; Upadhyay, Ushma D. (2018). "Hybrid Masculinity and Young Men's Circumscribed Engagement in Contraceptive Management". Gender & Society. 32 (3): 371–394. doi: 10.1177/0891243218763313. PMC 5939584. PMID 29755203. Brod, Harry (1994). "Some thoughts on some histories of some masculinities: Jews and other others". In Brod, Harry; Kaufman, Michael (eds.). Theorizing masculinities. Thousand Oaks, California: Sage Publications. pp. 82–96. ISBN 9780803949041.

Pyke, K. D., & Johnson, D. L. (2003). Asian American women and racialized femininities: ‘Doing’ gender across cultural worlds. Gender and Society, 17(1), 33–53. Masthead". Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society. 22 August 2012 . Retrieved 31 August 2017. The Australian Sociological Association Distinguished Service Award for services to Sociology in Australia (2007) [33] Anderson, E. (2002). Openly gay athletes: Contesting hegemonic masculinity in a homophobic environment. Gender and Society, 16(6), 860–877. Raewyn Connell Prize, a biennial award established in her honour by The Australian Sociological Association (2010) [35]

As the earliest model of this concept grew, so did the scrutiny and criticisms surrounding it. The following principal criticisms have been identified since debate about the concept began in the early 1990s. [3] Underlying concept of masculinity [ edit ] Hegemonic Masculinities and Camouflaged Politics: Unmasking the Bush Dynasty and Its War Against Iraq". Contemporary Sociology. 41 (1): 123. 2012. doi: 10.1177/0094306111430634k. ISSN 0094-3061. S2CID 220848628. Masculinity is the set of social practices and cultural representations associated with being a man. The plural ‘masculinities’ is also used in recognition that ways of being a man and cultural representations of/about men vary, both historically and culturally, between societies and between different groupings of men within any one society. Eskilsson, L. (2003). Masculinity and the North. In S. Ervo & T. Johansson (Eds.), Among men: Moulding masculinities, volume 1 (pp. 115–126). Burlington, Vermont: Ashgate.

Fejes, F. (2000). Making a gay masculinity. Critical Studies in Media Communication, 17(1), 113–116.

Linda, Lutz, Helma. Herrera Vivar, Maria Teresa. Supik (2016). Framing intersectionality: debates on a multi-faceted concept in gender studies. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-315-58292-4. OCLC 950471796. {{ cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( link)