Positive pictures were associated with enhanced early posterior negativity amplitude in the right parieto-occipital regions. Koval P, Sütterlin S, Kuppens P. Emotional Inertia is Associated with Lower Well-Being when Controlling for Differences in Emotional Context. Front Psychol. 2016; 6: 1997. pmid:26779099

Funding: This work was partially supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness/FEDER under TIN2013-47074-C2-1-R and DPI2016-80894-R grants. Although work remains to be done on classifying and enhancing our understanding in the field of emotion psychology, and more specifically on the use of audiovisual techniques in the laboratory, our meta-analysis suggests that mood induction by film clips is a highly effective method to generate negative and positive affective reactions. All the effect sizes on mood induction using film clips, both in terms of valence and arousal, were large, ranging between -1.22 and -1.77. Moreover, this quantitative review highlights the need to take into account the variables related to the experimental procedure since these may directly affect the strength of the mood induction obtained. Findings suggest that this effect may vary according to whether negative or positive emotions are being elicited. In the case of negative emotions, the number of emotional categories evaluated and the number of film clips used in the procedure may contribute to the strength of the mood induction. Furthermore, the type of stimulus used to measure the baseline state appears to influence the strength of the induction of positive emotions. Controlled mood induction enables us to better know, understand and manage our emotions. For this reason, much effort has been made in emotion research to create systems that artificially elicit emotional changes. Numerous Mood Induction Procedures (MIPs) have been developed to generate positive, negative and neutral mood states (see [ 4, 5] for a revision, [ 6]). Some procedures use autobiographical information, such as autobiographical memories [ 7, 8], while other procedures use written texts, such as Velten MIP [ 9] and the reading of fragments of books [ 10]. A number of procedures use acoustic stimuli, such as imagination MIPs e.g., [ 11, 12], the International Affective Digitized Sound System (IADS [ 13]) and music MIPs (e.g., [ 14]). Pictures are used in others procedures, such as the International Affective Pictures System (IAPS [ 15]). Procedures have also been implemented involving the manipulation of the expression, thought or behavior of the participants, for example, the Facial Action Coding System FACS [ 16] and social interaction of success or failure [ 17, 18]. Finally, audiovisual materials, such as virtual reality [ 19, 20] and films [ 21], have been utilized in certain procedures. Mikita N, Mehta MA, Zelaya FO, Stringaris A. Using arterial spin labeling to examine mood states in youth. Brain Behav. 2015; 5: 1–13.Ekman P, Friesen WV, Hager JC. The Facial Action Coding System. Salt Lake City UT: Research Nexus eBook. 2002. Effect on LPC of negative and high-arousal words, while LPC was not affected by arousal-related words alone. Reported the importance of valence and arousal in emotion-related ERP effects. EEG theta (4–6 Hz) was more synchronized in occipital and frontal regions for the aggressive films compared with neutral films. Khairudin et al. (2011) investigated effects of emotional content on explicit memory with two standardized stimuli: emotional words from the Affective Norms for English Words (ANEW) and emotional pictures from the IAPS. All stimuli were categorized as positive, negative or neutral, and displayed in two different trials. Results revealed that better memory for emotional images than for emotional words. Moreover, a recognition test demonstrated that positive emotional content was remembered better than negative emotional content. Researchers concluded that emotional valence significantly impacts memory and that negative valence suppressed the explicit memory. Another study by Khairudin et al. (2012) investigated the effects of emotional content on explicit verbal memory by assessing recall and recognition for emotionally positive, negative and neutral words. The results revealed that emotion substantially influences memory performance and that both positive and negative words were remembered more effectively than neutral words. Moreover, emotional words were remembered better in recognition vs. recall test.

Both pleasant and unpleasant sounds led to greater activation in the left and right auditory cortex compared with neutral sound. Hochschild, Arlie Russel (1998): The Sociology of Emotion as a Way of Seeing. In: Gillian Bendelow/ Simon J. Williams (Hrsg.), Emotions in Social Life. Critical Themes and Contemporary Issues. London: Routledge, S. 3–15. Kocyba, Hermann (2000): Der Preis der Anerkennung. Von der tayloristischen Missachtung zur strategischen Instrumentalisierung der Subjektivität der Arbeitenden. In: Ursula Holtgrewe/ Stephan Voswinkel/ Gabriele Wagner (Hrsg.), Anerkennung und Arbeit. Konstanz: UVK, S. 127–140. Dawkins L, Acaster S, Powell JH. The effects of smoking and abstinence on experience of happiness and sadness in response to positively valenced, negatively valenced, and neutral film clips. Addict Behav. 2007; 32: 425–31. pmid:16824689

Discussion

Fajula C, Bonin-Guillaume S, Jouve E, Blin O. Emotional reactivity assessment of healthy elderly with an emotion-induction procedure. Exp Aging Res. 2013; 39: 109–24. pmid:23316739 Publication bias was measured using Egger’s test. We used a funnel plot to generate a graphic representation of this potential publication bias. The main issue in publication bias is that not all completed studies are published. Studies with larger effects sizes are more likely to be accepted for publication. Taking into account that the meta-analysis can overestimate the true effect size because it may be based on a biased collection of studies, it is important to assess the likely extent of the bias. We used Egger's Test to assess the publication bias.

As if that weren't reason enough to use it, blue is also incredibly versatile; its vibrancy has more drastic effects than other colours. Light blue is the colour of water and the sky, so it generally has a refreshing and free feeling – and can be even energising if bright enough, while still retaining that reliable calm. Schmidt, Peter (2001): Die Kraft der positiven Gefühle — Mit neuen Mentaltechniken innerlich frei werden. München: dtv. Figueiredo HF, Bodie BL, Tauchi M, Dolgas CM, Herman JP. Stress integration after acute and chronic predator stress: differential activation of central stress circuitry and sensitization of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenocortical axis. Endocrinology. 2003; 144: 5249–58. pmid:12960031 The hippocampus is located in the MTL and is thought to be responsible for the potentiation and consolidation of declarative memory before newly formed memories are distributed and stored in cortical regions ( Squire, 1992). Moreover, evidence indicates that the hippocampus functions as a hub for brain network communications-a type of continuous exchange of information center that establishes LTM dominated by theta wave oscillations ( Battaglia et al., 2011) that are correlated with learning and memory ( Rutishauser et al., 2010). In other words, hippocampus plays a crucial role in hippocampal-dependent learning and declarative memories. Numerous studies have reported that the amygdala and hippocampus are synergistically activated during memory encoding to form a LTM of emotional information, that is associated with better retention ( McGaugh et al., 1996; Richter-Levin and Akirav, 2000; Richardson et al., 2004). More importantly, these studies (fear-related learning) strongly suggest that the amygdala’s involvement in emotional processing strengthens the memory network by modulating memory consolidation; thus, emotional content is remembered better than neutral content.Gerrard-Hesse A, Spies K, Hesse FW. Experimental inductions of emotional states and their effectiveness: a review. Br J Psychol. 1994; 85: 55–78. Averill JR, Ekman P, Panksepp J, Scherer KR, Shweder RA, Davidson RJ. Are there basic emotions? The nature of emotion: Fundamental questions. Series in affective science. New York, NY, US: Oxford University Press; 1994. p. 5–47. Rosenberg E. L., & Ekman P. Coherence between expressive and experiential systems in emotion. Cogn Emot. 1994; 8: 201–229. Silvestrini N, Gendolla GHE. Mood effects on autonomic activity in mood regulation. Psychophysiology. 2007; 44: 650–9. pmid:17532804

For over 27 years, Greg held marketing, design, and innovation leadership roles at NIKE, including time as the brand’s CMO. In his most recent role as NIKE’s Vice President of Global Brand Innovation, he led teams tasked with envisioning the future of storytelling and consumer experiences for the brand.Active maintenance of valence information in WM with increased WM-related activity in response to positive emotion (specifically in the right DLPFC) which leads to PFC-mediated cognitive functions in WM (i.e., increased cognitive flexibility and problem solving) ( Ashby and Isen, 1999).