Electronic Cigarettes – What are the health effects of using e-cigarettes?" (PDF). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 22 February 2018. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. Nicotine is a health danger for pregnant women and their developing babies. Spasova V, Mehmood S, Minhas A, et al. Impact of nicotine on cognition in patients with schizophrenia: A narrative review. Cureus. 2022;14(4):e24306. doi:10.7759/cureus.24306

Nicotine has been used as an insecticide since at least the 1960s, in the form of tobacco extracts [17] [48] [49] (although other components of tobacco also seem to have pesticide effects). [50] Nicotine pesticides have not been commercially available in the US since 2014, [51] and homemade pesticides are banned on organic crops [52] and caution is recommended for small gardeners. [53] Nicotine pesticides have been banned in the EU since 2009. [54] Foods are imported from countries in which nicotine pesticides are allowed, such as China, but foods may not exceed maximum nicotine levels. [54] [55] Neonicotinoids, such as imidacloprid, which are derived from and structurally similar to nicotine, are widely used as agricultural and veterinary pesticides as of 2016. [56] [48] Performance [ edit ] Nicotine is metabolized in the liver by cytochrome P450 enzymes (mostly CYP2A6, and also by CYP2B6) and FMO3, which selectively metabolizes ( S)-nicotine. A major metabolite is cotinine. Other primary metabolites include nicotine N'-oxide, nornicotine, nicotine isomethonium ion, 2-hydroxynicotine and nicotine glucuronide. [147] Under some conditions, other substances may be formed such as myosmine. [148] [149] A paper from 2010 suggests that people who smoke five or fewer cigarettes a day may not have intense physical symptoms because their bodies are less dependent on nicotine. However, they may still have emotional ties to smoking.Two hours after ingesting nicotine, the body will have removed around half of the nicotine. This means that nicotine has a half-life of around 2 hours. Miyasato K (March 2013). "[Psychiatric and psychological features of nicotine dependence]". Nihon Rinsho. Japanese Journal of Clinical Medicine. 71 (3): 477–81. PMID 23631239. a b Stolerman IP, Jarvis MJ (January 1995). "The scientific case that nicotine is addictive". Psychopharmacology. 117 (1): 2–10, discussion 14–20. doi: 10.1007/BF02245088. PMID 7724697. S2CID 8731555. National Institute on Drug Abuse. Mind matters: The body's response to nicotine, tobacco, and vaping.

a b Tomizawa M, Casida JE (2005). "Neonicotinoid insecticide toxicology: mechanisms of selective action" (PDF). Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology. 45: 247–68. doi: 10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.45.120403.095930. PMID 15822177. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 October 2018 . Retrieved 29 October 2018. Tar and carbon monoxide (a toxic gas) are also released when tobacco is burned, such as when it’s smoked. 1 Pod mod electronic cigarettes use nicotine in the form of a protonated nicotine, rather than free-base nicotine found in earlier generations. [160] Preparation [ edit ]a b c Ujváry I (1999). "Nicotine and Other Insecticidal Alkaloids". In Yamamoto I, Casida J (eds.). Nicotinoid Insecticides and the Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor. Tokyo: Springer-Verlag. pp.29–69. Nicotine acts as a receptor agonist at most nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs), [11] [12] except at two nicotinic receptor subunits ( nAChRα9 and nAChRα10) where it acts as a receptor antagonist. [11] Such antagonism results in mild analgesia. Nicotine tests can also detect nicotine in the body when people have used an electronic cigarette or a vape. a b c d "Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors: Introduction". IUPHAR Database. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. Archived from the original on 29 June 2017 . Retrieved 1 September 2014.