Fang, Z., Zhang, J., Liu, B., Du, G., and Chen, J. (2016b). Enhancement of the catalytic efficiency and thermostability of Stenotrophomonas sp. keratinase KerSMD by domain exchange with KerSMF. Microb. Biotechnol. 9, 35–46. doi: 10.1111/1751-7915.12300 Mitsuiki, S., Ichikawa, M., Oka, T., Sakai, M., Moriyama, Y., Sameshima, Y., et al. (2004). Molecular characterization of a keratinolytic enzyme from an alkaliphilic Nocardiopsis sp. TOA-1. Enzyme Microb. Technol. 34, 482–489. doi: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2003.12.011 Ramnani, P., Singh, R., and Gupta, R. (2005). Keratinolytic potential of Bacillus licheniformis RG1: structural and biochemical mechanism of feather degradation. Can. J. Microbiol. 51, 191–196. doi: 10.1139/w04-123

Keratin 10 Surface-Exposed Residues Mutations Affecting Keratin 10 Surface-Exposed Residues

Application of keratinases in industry requires a large amount of enzymes. Therefore, fermentation is essential to produce these enzymes in a large scale to meet the demands from industry ( Zaghloul et al., 2011). Fermentation parameters such as carbon source, nitrogen source, temperature, and others need to be optimized as these parameters have an impact on the production of the keratinase. Wastes from industries such as feathers can be added into the cultural medium ( Deniz et al., 2021). In addition, other wastes such as wheat and soy beans can be used as a substrate for producing keratinases ( Syed et al., 2009; Prakash et al., 2010a). Interestingly, a study showed that glucose and ammonium nitrate are not good sources for growing Stenotrophomonas maltophilia to degrade feathers ( Qu et al., 2018). Accumulated studies suggest that different microorganisms require various fermentation conditions for large-scale production, indicating that careful exploratory studies are necessary prior to the large-scale production of the enzymes ( Jagadeesan et al., 2020; de Menezes et al., 2021; Deniz et al., 2021; Sharma and Kango, 2021). It was demonstrated that the solid-state fermentation increased keratinase production compared with the commonly used submerged fermentation ( Inácio et al., 2018). In addition to feathers and human hair used in solid-state fermentation, other low-cost resources from agriculture can be considered in fermentation ( Awad et al., 2011). Fang, Z., Zhang, J., Du, G., and Chen, J. (2016a). Improved catalytic efficiency, thermophilicity, anti-salt and detergent tolerance of keratinase KerSMD by partially truncation of PPC domain. Sci. Rep. 6:27953. doi: 10.1038/srep27953Verma, A., Singh, H., Anwar, S., Chattopadhyay, A., Tiwari, K. K., Kaur, S., et al. (2017). Microbial keratinases: industrial enzymes with waste management potential. Crit. Rev. Biotechnol. 37, 476–491. doi: 10.1080/07388551.2016.1185388 Hassan, M. A., Abol-Fotouh, D., Omer, A. M., Tamer, T. M., and Abbas, E. (2020). Comprehensive insights into microbial keratinases and their implication in various biotechnological and industrial sectors: a review. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 154, 567–583. doi: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.03.116

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Evtushenko NA, Beilin AK, Kosykh AV, Vorotelyak EA, Gurskaya NG. Evtushenko NA, et al. Int J Mol Sci. 2021 Nov 18;22(22):12446. doi: 10.3390/ijms222212446. Int J Mol Sci. 2021. PMID: 34830328 Free PMC article. Review.The It's A 10 Miracle Leave-In Plus Keratin spray claims to smooth the hair for a frizz-free style. Couto AC, et al. (2013). Pregnancy, maternal exposure to hair dyes, and hair straightening cosmetics, and early age leukemia. DOI: Anbu, P., Hilda, A., Sur, H.-W., Hur, B.-K., and Jayanthi, S. (2008). Extracellular keratinase from Trichophyton sp. HA-2 isolated from feather dumping soil. Int. Biodeterior. Biodegradation 62, 287–292. doi: 10.1016/j.ibiod.2007.07.017 Hamiche, S., Mechri, S., Khelouia, L., Annane, R., El Hattab, M., Badis, A., et al. (2019). Purification and biochemical characterization of two keratinases from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens S13 isolated from marine brown alga Zonaria tournefortii with potential keratin-biodegradation and hide-unhairing activities. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 122, 758–769. doi: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.10.174 Kang, D., Jacquiod, S., Herschend, J., Wei, S., Nesme, J., and Sørensen, S. J. (2020). Construction of simplified microbial consortia to degrade recalcitrant materials based on enrichment and dilution-to-extinction cultures. Front. Microbiol. 10:3010. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.03010