The impact of infection in the UK population is considered very low. Question 5. Does it cause severe disease in humans? Yes Humans are susceptible to TBEV infection. Most (two-thirds) infections are asymptomatic. TBEV-Eur is associated with milder disease than the other subtypes, with 20% to 30% of patients experiencing the second CNS phase and severe neurological sequelae is observed in up to 10% of patients. All age groups are susceptible but individuals of older age or with existing chronic conditions may be at higher risk of mortality and longer-term sequelae ( 38), and morbidity in children can be significant ( 20).

research into the effects of cheese production processes on the quantity of infectious virus presentFollowing an asymptomatic interval of around 7 days, there is a second clinical phase involving the CNS with presentations such as meningitis, meningoencephalitis, myelitis, paralysis and radiculitis ( 4).

In the UK, a licensed TBE vaccine is available and is currently recommended only for those ‘at high risk of exposure to the virus’, through travel to endemic areas or employment ( 41 to 43). The Joint Committee on Vaccination and Immunisation ( JCVI) has been asked to consider whether vaccination of high-risk groups such as forestry workers is warranted at this stage, while further studies looking for evidence of human exposure or infection are undertaken. Outcome of probability assessment Outcomes are specified with (Outcome) beside the appropriate answer. Question 1. Is there human-to-human spread? Yes A third case was reported in England in September 2022, who is likely to have acquired infection in Scotland in June 2022. A fourth case was reported in England in October 2022, with a likely exposure while visiting the North Yorkshire Moors.

If left untreated more serious symptoms may develop in the following weeks or months. Lyme disease can be treated successfully with antibiotics and early treatment usually clears the rash within several days and helps to prevent the development of complications. More serious symptoms also respond to antibiotic treatment. The probability of infection in the UK population is considered very low. Question 3. Is this disease endemic in humans within the UK? Yes [note 1] The probability of infection in the UK population is considered very low. Question 6. Are effective measures in place to mitigate against these? Yes DAWN dish soap IS toxic to pets (I wrote the company and they said they don’t recommend using it on pets)