See also: Conversion of non-Muslim places of worship into mosques, List of former mosques in Spain, and List of former mosques in Portugal The Hagia Sophia in Istanbul, Turkey, was converted into a mosque after the Ottoman conquest of Constantinople in 1453 Modern mosques have a variety of amenities available to their congregants. As mosques are supposed to appeal to the community, they may also have additional facilities, from health clinics and clubs (gyms) to libraries to gymnasiums, to serve the community. [ citation needed] Symbols

Goring, Rosemary (1997). Dictionary of Beliefs & Religions. Wordsworth Editions. ISBN 978-1-85326-354-5. Leadership at prayer falls into three categories, depending on the type of prayer: five daily prayers, Friday prayer, or optional prayers. [98] According to the Hanafi and Maliki school of Islamic jurisprudence, appointment of a prayer leader for Friday service is mandatory because otherwise the prayer is invalid. The Shafi'i and Hanbali schools argue that the appointment is not necessary and the prayer is valid as long as it is performed in a congregation. A slave may lead a Friday prayer, but Muslim authorities disagree over whether the job can be done by a minor. [98] An imam appointed to lead Friday prayers may also lead at the five daily prayers; Muslim scholars agree to the leader appointed for five daily services may lead the Friday service as well. [98] Hillenbrand, Robert (1994). Islamic Architecture: Form, Function, and Meaning (Casebounded.). New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0231101325. OCLC 30319450. Grossman, Cathy Lynn (29 February 2012). "Number of U.S. mosques up 74% since 2000". USA Today. Archived from the original on 17 September 2018 . Retrieved 6 October 2013.Left to the mihrab, in the front left corner of the mosque, sometimes there is a kursu (Turkish kürsü, Bosnian ćurs/ћурс), a small elevated plateau (rarely with a chair or other type of seat) used for less formal preaching and speeches. See also: Gender segregation and Islam, Women's mosques, and Islamic Bill of Rights for Women in the Mosque A women-only mosque in Byblos, Lebanon Other scholars reference Islamic tradition [13] [14] [15] and passages of the Quran, [16] [17] [18] according to which Islam as a religion precedes Muhammad, and includes previous prophets such as Abraham. [19] In Islamic tradition, Abraham is credited with having built the Ka'bah (' Cube') in Mecca, and consequently its sanctuary, Al-Masjid Al-Haram (The Sacred Mosque), which is seen by Muslims as the first mosque [12] that existed. [20] [21] [22] [23] A Hadith in Sahih al-Bukhari states that the sanctuary of the Kaaba was the first mosque on Earth, with the second mosque being Al-Aqsa in Jerusalem, [24] which is also associated with Abraham. [21] Since as early as 638 CE, the Sacred Mosque of Mecca has been expanded on several occasions to accommodate the increasing number of Muslims who either live in the area or make the annual pilgrimage known as Hajj to the city. [25]

Taqiyah is the Arabic word for a Muslim skullcap. In the Indian subcontinent, it is called a topi ( Hindi: टोपी, Urdu: ٹوپی, Bengali: টুপি) which means hat or cap in general. In Pakistan, India, and Bangladesh, men usually wear the topi with kurta and paijama. In the United States and Britain, many Muslim merchants sell the prayer cap under the name kufi. Sephardic Jews adopted the Bukharan from the Kufi (See Bukharan). Bombings in February 2006 and June 2007 seriously damaged Iraq's al-Askari Mosque and exacerbated existing tensions. Other mosque bombings in Iraq, both before and after the February 2006 bombing, have been part of the conflict between the country's groups of Muslims. In June 2005, a suicide bombing killed at least 19 people at an Afghan Shia mosque near Jade Maivand. [120] In April 2006, two explosions occurred at India's Jama Masjid. [121] Following the al-Askari Mosque bombing in Iraq, imams and other Islamic leaders used mosques and Friday prayers as vehicles to call for calm and peace in the midst of widespread violence. [122] a b c Osborne, Samuel (10 August 2018). "Thousands of Muslims protest China's plans to demolish mosque in rare demonstration against government". independent.co.uk. Independent . Retrieved 8 April 2019.Nielsen, Jørgen Schøler; Akgönül, Samim; Alibašić, Ahmet; Goddard, Hugh; Maréchal, Brigitte, eds. (2011). Yearbook of Muslims in Europe. Vol.3. Leiden, the Netherlands: BRILL. ISBN 9789004205161. The fez hat, the tarboush or chechia is worn. In Morocco, men wear the djellaba with their fez hats. The short sleeved robe is the gandora. In Arabia, the galabeya is worn.

Hawting, Gerald R. (2000). The First Dynasty of Islam: The Umayyard Caliphate AD 661–750. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-24072-7. What Muslims Want': A survey of British Muslims by ICM on behalf of Policy Exchange" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-02-06.

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Walker, Benjamin (1998). Foundations of Islam: The Making of a World Faith. Peter Owen Publishers. ISBN 978-0-7206-1038-3.