Carroll SB, Weatherbee SD, Langeland JA. Homeotic genes and the regulation and evolution of insect wing number. Nature. 1995;375:58–61. As one of the long-term effects of global warming, 10% of anthropogenic carbon dioxide will still remain in a stabilized atmosphere. [37]

McCain KW. Core journal literatures and persistent research themes in an emerging interdisciplinary field: exploring the literature of evolutionary development biology. J Informet. 2010;4:157–65. Hall BK. Palaeontology and evolutionary developmental biology: a science of the 19th and 21st centuries. Palaeontology. 2002;45:647–69.

Lifespan

Kamaʻehuakanaloa (formerly Lōʻihi), the youngest volcano in the Hawaiian–Emperor seamount chain, will rise above the surface of the ocean and become a new volcanic island. [38]

Müller GB, Wagner GP. Novelty in evolution: restructuring the concept. Annu Rev Ecol Syst. 1991;22:229–56. The sun, having now exhausted its hydrogen supply, leaves the main sequence and begins evolving into a red giant. [110] Before to continue the discussion, I will list others works and ideas than don't can be included in the great types or its subgenres too: Pfennig DW. Polyphenism in spadefoot toad tadpoles as a locally adjusted evolutionarily stable strategy. Evolution. 1992;46:1408–20.During this era, Saturn's moon Titan may reach surface temperatures necessary to support life. [113] Gehring WJ. Master control genes in development and evolution: the homeobox story. New Haven: Yale University Press; 1998. The small red dwarf Ross 248 will pass within 3.024 light-years of Earth, becoming the closest star to the Sun. [28] It will recede after about 8,000 years, making first Alpha Centauri (again) and then Gliese 445 the nearest stars [28] ( see timeline). Research programs in evo–devo are comparative and experimental (Hall 1999; Raff and Love 2004). Increasingly, they involve what Laubichler ( 2007) calls “evolutionary developmental genetics.” In pursuit of their analysis of the integration of development, evolution, and ecology, Collins et al. ( 2007) analyzed three model systems—breeding of the domestic dog Canis familiaris, research on a sea anemone Nematostella vectensis, and research into horn development/evolution in dung beetles in the genus Onthophagus—and the development/evolution of vertebrate limbs and mammalian teeth. In a very different approach, McCain ( 2010) identified trends in evo–devo between 1996 and 2008 by analyzing linkages between the literature in what she identified as three core journals of evo–devo [Evolution & Development; Development, Genes & Evolution; and the Journal of Experimental Zoology (Part B)]. Her analysis is worth a close examination, as is an earlier study in which the research of Conrad Waddington was used to trace the rise of evo–devo (McCain 2009).

Future Evolution is a book written by Peter Ward. It is about the future evolution of life on earth. Unlike Dougal Dixon his views aren't that humanity will die off, he believes Homo sapiens is extinction proof, along with other weedy animals such as rats, crows, snakes, and parasitic organisms. In his views, the Holocene Mass extinction includes the extinction of the megafauna by invasive species. Hall BK, Kerney R. Levels of biological organization and the origin of novelty. J Exp Zool (Mol Dev Evol). 2012;314B. doi: 10.1002/jez.b.21425. Devo–evo would provide a new theory of the origin of novel structures and behaviors with evolution based on population genetics continuing to explain variation in existing phenotypes and different theories to explain the evolution of the new and the maintenance of the old (Hallgrímsson and Hall 2005, 2011). Ken Weiss emphasized this in a discussion of the importance of niche construction and behavior-driven evolution when he concluded that “local divergence can be achieved by behavioral sorting by which organisms find or modify local niches according to their abilities, but this need not involve fitness differences nor even be based on genetic inheritance” (Weiss 2004, p. 203). Evo–devo = Evo Africa's collision with Eurasia will close the Mediterranean Basin and create a mountain range similar to the Himalayas. [58] By 10 million A.D. most rats have specialized in one garbage dump or another. A time traveler ends up in one of these garbage dumps where he finds species of rats, the future evolution of the pig and the snake, and is then assaulted (and presumably killed) by a horde of highly evolved crows. There are no natural ecosystems at this time. In the last chapter in the book we see life in the last days of habitable earth. There is so little CO 2 in the atmosphere plants have to be shrubby and waxy or else they die of starvation. Animals that have been spared by humanity are now low to the ground and heavily armored against desiccation. Species, groups, and even entire phyla are disappearing from a now inhospitable earth. Humans are still around, still working like ants to give themselves a fulfilling "life", and they will probably keep working like that till they drop dead.The supercontinent (Pangaea Ultima, Novopangaea, Amasia, or Aurica) will likely have rifted apart. [69] This will likely result in higher global temperatures, similar to the Cretaceous period. [71]

Laubichler MD, Wagner GP. Introduction to the papers of the 2001 Kowalevsky Medal winner symposium. J Exp Zool (Mol Dev Evol). 2004;302B:1–4. According to Christopher R. Scotese, due to the northward movement of the West Coast of North America, the coast of California will collide with Alaska. [56] [ failed verification]The best-guess recurrence rate for a "civilization-threatening" supervolcanic eruption large enough to eject one teratonne (one trillion tonnes) of pyroclastic material. [24] [25]