Joseph V. Fuller, "The War-Scare of 1875" American Historical Review (1919) 24#2 pp. 196-226 online The Germans also had an unexpected advantage in that Napoleon III was in constant pain from gallstones which, combined with the side-effects of the opium prescribed by his doctors, made him incapable of exercising effective command. As a result, there was no one able to impose a clear overall strategy on the quarrelling French generals. Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference Oldenburg, Staat (1872–1873), "Der Großherzogliche Haus-und Verdienst Orden", Hof- und Staatshandbuch des Großherzogtums Oldenburg: für das Jahr 1872/73, Oldenburg, p. 33, archived from the original on 8 March 2021 , retrieved 19 August 2019 {{ citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( link)

The role of Bismarck - Why unification was achieved in - BBC The role of Bismarck - Why unification was achieved in - BBC

Stephen, Martin (1988). Grove, Eric (ed.). Sea Battles in close-up: World War 2. London: Ian Allan ltd. ISBN 0-7110-1596-1. SK stands for Schiffskanone (ship's gun), C/34 stands for Construktionsjahr (design year) 1934, and L/52 denotes the Länge (length) of the gun in terms of calibres, meaning that the length of the gun barrel is 52 times greater than the caliber (internal diameter) of the gun barrel. [12] Williamson, Gordon (2003). German Battleships 1939–45. New Vanguard No 71. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84176-498-6.Cibrario, Luigi (1869). Notizia storica del nobilissimo ordine supremo della santissima Annunziata. Sunto degli statuti, catalogo dei cavalieri (in Italian). Eredi Botta. p.121. Archived from the original on 12 July 2021 . Retrieved 4 March 2019. Herzogliche Sachsen-Ernestinischer Hausorden", Staatshandbücher für das Herzogtums Sachsen-Altenburg, 1869, p. 27, archived from the original on 12 July 2021 , retrieved 27 December 2020

Bismarck: Why Was The WW2 German Battleship So Feared Bismarck: Why Was The WW2 German Battleship So Feared

Wetzel, David (2012). A Duel of Nations: Germany, France, and the Diplomacy of the War of 1870–1871. University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 978-0-299-29134-1. Großherzogliche Orden", Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Großherzogtum Baden, Karlsruhe, 1873, p. 61, archived from the original on 3 February 2021 , retrieved 21 November 2019 {{ citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( link) Bulgaria, that little country between the Danube and the Balkans, is far from being an object of adequate importance... for which to plunge Europe from Moscow to the Pyrenees, and from the North Sea to Palermo, into a war whose issue no man can foresee. At the end of the conflict we should scarcely know why we had fought." [98] The Second Empire collapsed as soon as news of the surrender of Sedan reached Paris. On 4 September, a provisional government calling itself the Government of National Defence proclaimed the formation of the Third Republic. Chrastil explains how the seemingly decisive German victory at Sedan failed to end the war, as there was no legitimate French authority with which to negotiate a peace treaty. The new French republican government had no electoral mandate, Napoleon III was a prisoner, and the Empress Eugénie was in exile in England.

Catalogue of place names in northern East Greenland". Geological Survey of Denmark. Archived from the original on 8 July 2019 . Retrieved 7 October 2019. Kowalski, Jan Wierusz (1986). Poczet papieży (in Polish). Warsaw: National Publishing Agency. p.164. ISBN 83-03-01435-8. Although the six-month Franco-Prussian War was among the shortest of all major European conflicts, it brought Dietrich and his comrades sights that robbed them of any temptation to triumphalism. The war’s combination of lethal new weapons (breechloading rifles, machine guns, steel cannon) and huge armies left mountains of dead and hordes of permanently mutilated wounded: In the murderous engagement at Gravelotte in August 1870, the Prussians lost twice as many men as they had during the entire Austro-Prussian War of 1866.

Bismarck’s War by Rachel Chrastil review — the Franco Bismarck’s War by Rachel Chrastil review — the Franco

Stern, Fritz (1979). Gold and Iron: Bismark, Bleichroder, and the Building of the German Empire. Vintage. ISBN 978-0-394-74034-8. granting social rights to enhance the integration of a hierarchical society, to forge a bond between workers and the state so as to strengthen the latter, to maintain traditional relations of authority between social and status groups, and to provide a countervailing power against the modernist forces of liberalism and socialism. [104] Gröner, Erich (1990). German Warships: 1815–1945. Vol.I: Major Surface Vessels. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-0-87021-790-6.Main article: Franco-Prussian War Surrender of Napoleon III after the Battle of Sedan, 1 September 1870 Stern, Fritz (2013). Gold and Iron. Knopf Doubleday Publishing. p.139. ISBN 978-0-307-82986-3. Archived from the original on 15 February 2017 . Retrieved 16 October 2016.