Mouriri pusa (Melastomataceae), Byrsonima crassa (Malpighiaceae), and Davilla elliptica (Dilleniaceae) In a statement, ENTOD Beauty London noted that the serum is based on a patented anti-aging synthetic tripeptide snake venom neurotoxin developed by Swedish company Pentapharm Ltd. Syn-ake hasn’t been independently evaluated by the Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel but the company that produced it has not reported any toxicity or sensitization issues in its research. However, Syn-ake has anecdotally been known to cause adverse reactions in some users, you should start out by adding the smallest possible concentration of Syn-ake to your skincare regime until you know how it will affect your skin.

Neutralization of PLA 2, protease, hyaluronidase, L-amino acid oxidase, and 5′-nucleotidase enzyme activities. Anti-myonecrosis and anti-hemorrhagic Plant extracts, fractions, and isolates have demonstrated the inhibitory activity of snake venoms, including their purified toxins. These inhibitors not only reduce the local tissue damage but also delay the easy diffusion of systemic toxins, and therefore, increase the survival time of the patient. The continuity of the studies on the mechanism of action and the safety of these molecules will reveal their potential use in the development of new therapies for snakebites. Several lists of medicinal plant species with activity against snake venom have been published, adding more than a thousand species that are used in folk medicine around the world [ 12, 39]. Anavip ® Crotalidae Immune F(ab’)2 (equine), approved in 2015 to treat envenomation from the rattlesnakes Crotalus durissus and Bothrops asper [ 29]. Also, scientists have demonstrated the anti-ophidian properties of Anacardium occidentale bark extract. The study published in the journal Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology demonstrated the ability of Anacardium occidentale bark extract to neutralise enzymatic as well as pharmacological effects induced by Vipera russelii venom. Inhibition of protease, hyalunoridase, fibrinogenolytic, procoagulant, anti-edematogenic, anti-ATPase, and alkaline phosphatase

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Interestingly, one of the first recorded uses of venom as a treatment was described by a Roman historian in 37 BCE when it was used to treat a fast bleeding sword wound to the leg. A small amount of venom from the Steppe Viper was used to coagulate the blood and save the man from bleeding out. Ingredients such as the key ingredient in many anti-wrinkle injections, derived from the bacteria known to cause Botulism, have been used in the skincare industry with success. How Does Syn-ake Work? Ethanolic extracts and essential oils from Nectandra angustifolia (Lauraceae) leaves inhibited the hemolytic and coagulant effects produced by Bothrops neuwiedi venom

The best way to proceed along this line is to harness the growing body of information emerging from the study of venom toxicology and composition, which allows the identification of the most relevant toxic activities and toxins in each venom. This will facilitate the development of immunochemical or in vitro functional tests, enzymatic or otherwise, in substitution of animal-based assays. In turn, this calls for a closer collaboration between researchers in the biochemistry and pharmacology of venoms and toxins with professionals and technicians in antivenom production and quality control laboratories. Likewise, the regular use of analgesia in toxicity tests should be actively promoted in toxinological research and antivenom manufacture. It is expected that such initiatives will lead, in the short term, to a significant reduction in the number of animals used in research and antivenom development and potency evaluation, as well as in the suffering inflicted to those animals in the in vivo assays. Data Availability Statement Seed extract of Mucuna pruriens (Fabaceae) used in Nigerian communities offer significant protection to cardiac muscle tissue and blood vessels, and even protects against the lethality produced by venoms from Naja kaouthia, Naja nivea, and Calloselasma rhodostoma. This protection can be explained from the presence of a Kunitz-type trypsin inhibitor. Another study published in the journal Phytotherapy Research demonstrated the anti-snake venom properties of Tamarindus indica seed extract. The results revealed that both the hexane and the ethyl acetate fractions showed capability of inhibiting the venom enzymes significantly when compared with the venom controls in varying degrees of efficacies. For the adjuvant effect, no significant effect of the venom at the administered dose was observed on bleeding time, clotting time, defibrinogenating and haemorrhagic effects compared to the normal control. However, the size of necrotic lesion and the percentage haemolysis were significantly higher in the venom control rats. Both the hexane and the ethyl acetate fractions significantly mitigated these effects in the treated animals. The degree of protection was about three folds more than when the antivenin was used alone. Review discussing Brazilian plant species displaying neutralizing properties against snake envenomation from an ethnopharmacological perspective

Toward Refining the Mouse Lethality Test

Another study published in the Journal Ethnopharmacology has demonstrated the effect of Annona senegalensis root bark extracts on Naja nigricotlis nigricotlis venom in rats. Scientists have also demonstrated the anti-venom potential of aqueous extract of stem bark of Mangifera indica against Daboia russellii (Russell’s viper) venom. Anti-defibrinogenatic, anti-edematogenic, anti-PLA 2 activity, anti-necrotic, anti-hemorrhagic, anti-coagulant, lipid peroxidase inhibition, superoxide dismutase activity, antiserum action potentiation, anti-lethality, anti-cardiotoxic, and anti-neurotoxic According to the study, the extract neutralised the viper venom hydrolytic enzymes such as phospholipase, protease, and hyaluronidase in a dose dependent manner. These enzymes are responsible for both local effects of envenomation such as local tissue damage, inflammation and myonecrosis, and systemic effects including dysfunction of vital organs and alteration in the coagulation components.

Venom has been used throughout history to treat illness and there has been a significant amount of research in recent times into the potential applications of synthetic venoms to treat a variety of ailments. For example, ziconotide from cone snails to treat chronic pain or lepirudin from leeches to prevent blood clots. There is a growing awareness on the need to significantly reduce the number of mice used in antivenom assessment, as well as the pain and distress involved in these tests, along the philosophy of the 3Rs (Replacement, Reduction and Refinement) proposed by Russell and Burch ( 7). A significant amount of work has been devoted by many groups to the search of in vitro alternatives to these animal tests, and to the refinement of these assays. Owing to the high variability of snake venom composition and mechanisms of action, no simple generalizations can be made regarding the implementation of these alternative tests. However, there are examples of in vitro assays which show a good correlation with the in vivo tests, and further work is urgently needed in this field. The present review presents the state of the art in the development of in vitro tests for antivenom preclinical efficacy assessment. The review focuses mostly on studies in which the correlation between in vitro and in vivo tests was evaluated. The Challenge of Finding Suitable In Vitro Tests for Assessing Antivenom EfficacyCommonly called English wild custard apple, Annona senegalensis belongs to the plant family Annonaceae.