Phosphoric acid is an intermediate step in almost all phosphate applications. Production requires first the beneficiation of the ore, followed by acid leaching and separation. In general the beneficiation stage does not result in a reduction of NORM in the ore. Radioactive Waste in the Oil and Gas Industry, Safety Report Series No. 419, STI/PUB/1171 (ISBN: 9201140037)

Eisenbud, M.; and Gesell, T. F. 1997, Environmental Radioactivity from Natural, Industrial & Military Sources, Fourth Edition: From Natural, Industrial and Military Sources, Academic Press (ISBN: 9780122351549) NORM and cosmic radiation account for over 85% of an ‘average individual’s’ radiation exposure. Most of the balance is from exposure related to medical procedures. (Exposure from the nuclear fuel cycle - including fallout from the Chernobyl accident - accounts for less than 0.1%.) Industries producing NORM Coal Energy– combustion and ash I think that “THE WORLD OF NORM” is an amazing book and I strongly recommend it but if you don’t belive me read this: the world of norm is about a boy called norm and the is never belived now if u belive me read it!!!!!!! It is a very funny book which will make everyone laugh. It is about a boy called Norman who lives with his mum and dad. Norman, his mum and dad had to move house. Norman thinks that they shoudn't have moved and is unhappy about the situation. His dad snores like a constipated rhinoceros. Life cannot get any unfairer for Norman. Will life ever get better for him?

Appendices

In 2017 Australia exported 372 million tonnes of coal. With an average of 0.9 ppm uranium and 2.6 ppm thorium, at least 330 tonnes of uranium per year and 970 tonnes of thorium could conceivably be added to published export figures. Jonathan Meres follows up May Contain Nuts and May Cause Irritation with another laugh-out-loud story about Norm, a boy who can’t understand why everything always seems unfair… International Atomic Energy Agency, 2014, Radiation Protection and Safety of Radiation Sources: International Basic Safety Standards, STI/PUB/1578 (July 2014) The eleventh hilarious title in the award-winning, laugh-out-loud series, The World of Norm. Perfect for fans of Tom Gates and Diary of a Wimpy Kid.

One afternoon, the boys are riding their bikes outside Norm's house. By accident, Mikey crashes into Norm's garage and smashes a valuable china tea set. Unfortunately, Norm's teenage neighbour, Chelsea, films the whole thing and posts the video on YouTube! This means war and Norm's determined to get his revenge... This book oozes personality and with so much going on it promises to maintain the attention of young readers for hours at a time Dale, L., Trace Elements in Coal, Australian Coal Association Research Program (ACARP), Report No. 2 (October 2006)The production of REEs has been accompanied by the production of large volumes of thorium hydroxide and residues containing radioactive lead and radium. In China, 30,000 tonnes of NORM residues are in temporary storage. Monazites form in phosphatic pegmatites and so REE extraction is sometimes in conjunction with phosphate mining.

Another NORM issue relates to radon exposure in homes, particularly those built on granitic ground. Occupational health issues include the exposure of flight crew to higher levels of cosmic radiation, the exposure of tour guides to radon in caves, exposure of miners to radon underground, and exposure of workers in the oil & gas and mineral sands industries to elevated radiation levels in the materials they handle. NORM sources Though not normally considered as NORM, wastes from the front end of the nuclear fuel cycle through to fuel fabrication may be treated as NORM, opening up more options for disposal. Such material includes uranium oxides. Radon exposure is also an issue in uranium mines. Phosphates and fertilizer production Cooper, M. B. 2005 Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials (NORM) in Australian Industries - Review of Current Inventories and Future Generation, ERS-006, A Report prepared for the Radiation Health and Safety Advisory Council Long-lived radioactive elements such as uranium, thorium and potassium and any of their decay products, such as radium and radon are examples of NORM. These elements have always been present in the Earth's crust and atmosphere, and are concentrated in some places, such as uranium orebodies which may be mined. The term NORM exists also to distinguish ‘natural radioactive material’ from anthropogenic sources of radioactive material, such as those produced by nuclear power and used in nuclear medicine, where incidentally the radioactive properties of a material maybe what make it useful. However from the perspective of radiation doses to people, such a distinction is completely arbitrary.

NORM sources

During mining and milling of zircon, care must be taken to keep dust levels down. Then when zircon is fused in refractories or ceramics manufacture, silica dust and fumes must be collected. This may contain the more volatile radionuclides, Pb-210 and Po-210, and the collection of these gases means that pipeworks and filters become contaminated. The main radiological issue is occupational exposure to these radionuclides in airborne dusts in the processing plant. Waste produced during zirconia/zirconium production can be high in Ra-226, which presents a gamma hazard, and waste must be stored in metal containers in special repositories. Powders from filters used during zirconia manufacture have been assayed as high as 200,000Bq/kg of Pb-210 and 600,000 Bq/kg Po-210. Tin production For seawater injection systems a further NORM issue has more recently come to light: that of bio-film deposits fixing significant amounts of the seawater’s uranium. NORM in the oil and gas industry poses a problem to workers particularly during maintenance, waste transport and processing, and decommissioning. In particular Pb-210 deposits and films, as a beta emitter, is only a concern when pipe internals become exposed. External exposure due to NORM in the oil and gas industry are generally low enough not to require protective measures to ensure that workers stay beneath their annual dose limits (such as set out by the IAEA basic safety standards). Internal exposures can be minimized by hygiene practices. Metals and smelting

I thought this book was humorous when I started to read it. I love reading and this book is slightly different to the other books I read Therefore I thought it would be good to try something good new and different. I thought it was a great idea. Thank you.European Commission (Directorate-General Environment, Radiation Protection) 2003, Radiation protection 132: MARINA II, Update of the MARINA Project on the radiological exposure of the European Community from radioactivity in North European marine waters