Ballell, Antonio; Mai, Bohao; Benton, Michael J. (2023). "Divergent strategies in cranial biomechanics and feeding ecology of the ankylosaurian dinosaurs". Scientific Reports. 13 (1): 18242. Bibcode: 2023NatSR..1318242B. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-45444-1. PMC 10600113. PMID 37880323. The osteoderms of ankylosaurids were thin in comparison to those of other ankylosaurs, and appear to have been strengthened by randomly distributed cushions of collagen fibers. Structurally similar to Sharpey's fibres, they were embedded directly into the bone tissue, a feature unique to ankylosaurids. This would have provided the ankylosaurids with an armor covering that was both lightweight and highly durable, being resistant to breakage and penetration by the teeth of predators. [33] The palpebral bones over the eyes may have provided additional protection for them. [34] Carpenter suggested in 1982 that the heavily vascularized armor may also have had a role in thermoregulation as in modern crocodilians. [35] Coombs W. (1972). "The Bony Eyelid of Euoplocephalus (Reptilia, Ornithischia)". Journal of Paleontology. 46 (5): 637–50. JSTOR 1303019. .

Bigelow, P. "Cretaceous 'Hell Creek Faunal Facies'; Late Maastrichtian". Archived from the original on December 26, 2009 . Retrieved March 24, 2014.

Burns, M; Tumanova, T; Currie, P (2015). "Postcrania of juvenile Pinacosaurus grangeri (Ornithischia: Ankylosauria) from the Upper Cretaceous Alagteeg Formation, Alag Teeg, Mongolia: implications for ontogenetic allometry in ankylosaurs". Journal of Paleontology. 89 (1): 168–182. Bibcode: 2015JPal...89..168B. doi: 10.1017/jpa.2014.14. S2CID 130610291. In 1910, another AMNH expedition led by Brown discovered an Ankylosaurus specimen (AMNH 5214) in the Scollard Formation by the Red Deer River in Alberta, Canada. This specimen included a complete skull, mandibles, the first and only tail club known of this genus, as well as ribs, vertebrae, limb bones, and armor. In 1947 the American fossil collectors Charles M. Sternberg and T. Potter Chamney collected a skull and mandible (specimen CMN 8880, formerly NMC 8880), 5⁄ 8 mile) north of where the 1910 specimen was found. This is the largest-known Ankylosaurus skull, but it is damaged in places. A section of caudal vertebrae (specimen CCM V03) was discovered in the 1960s in the Powder River drainage, Montana, part of the Hell Creek Formation. In addition to these five incomplete specimens, many other isolated osteoderms and teeth have been found. [12] [10] Arbour, V.M.; Mallon, J.C. (2017). "Unusual cranial and postcranial anatomy in the archetypal ankylosaur Ankylosaurus magniventris". FACETS. 2 (2): 764–794. doi: 10.1139/facets-2017-0063

Frontier Developments. (October 8, 2017). First In-Game Footage - Jurassic World Evolution [Video]. YouTube. Retrieved October 26, 2019.

Size Chart

A 2009 study estimated that ankylosaurids could swing their tails at 100 degrees laterally, and the mainly cancellous clubs would have had a lowered moment of inertia and been effective weapons. The study also found that while adult ankylosaurid tail clubs were capable of breaking bones, those of juveniles were not. Despite the feasibility of tail-swinging, the researchers could not determine whether ankylosaurids used their clubs for defense against potential predators, in intraspecific combat, or both. [36] Other studies have found evidence of ankylosaurids using their tail clubs for intraspecific combat. One specimen of Tarchia showed signs of injury on both the pelvic and tail area and the club was found to be asymmetrical, a sign of being worn down by the strikes. [37] The endorsement team saw a herd of Parasaurolophus at the Watering Hole of the Brachiosaurus Enclosure once they arrived on Isla Nublar. [4] a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u Arbour, V.M.; Mallon, J.C. (2017). "Unusual cranial and postcranial anatomy in the archetypal ankylosaur Ankylosaurus magniventris". FACETS. 2 (2): 764–794. doi: 10.1139/facets-2017-0063. It has been revealed that there are surviving Parasaurolophus populations on Isla Nublar, but they and many other dinosaurs faced an impending danger in the form of an erupting volcano. The surrounding foothills of Mount Sibo were the favoured territory of Parasaurolophus, which was at the top of the critical exposure list.

Jurassic Park II: "The Parasaurolophus was later removed from the story, while younger incarnations of Triceratops and Raptors were added."

Notable Individuals

Despite its appearances usually being little more than cameos, Parasaurolophus has physically appeared on-screen in all six films of the Jurassic Park franchise, a distinction shared with the more famous and iconic Tyrannosaurus, Triceratops, and Velociraptor. They're based in convenient locations including supermarkets, newsagents and train stations. Plus they're often open late and on Sundays. The Parasaurolophus in Jurassic Park: The Game appears to have been based on several Parasaur designs that were never seen physically in the films. They have bright yellow skin much like one of the Parasaurolophus maquettes made for The Lost World: Jurassic Park and the front half of the crest is red just like the lone Parasaurolophus walkeri seen on one of the murals of the Jurassic Park Visitors' Centre. a b Weishampel, D. B.; Barrett, P. M.; Coria, R. A.; Le Loeuff, J.; Xu X.; Zhao X.; Sahni, A.; Gomani, E. M. P.; Noto, C. R. (2004). "Dinosaur Distribution". In Weishampel, D. B.; Dodson, P.; Osmolska, H.. (eds.). The Dinosauria (2nd). University of California Press. pp.517–606. ISBN 978-0-520-24209-8.

Recognizable by the large club at the end of its tail, Ankylosaurus is usually seen as the archetypical ankylosaur, but it had plenty of features unique to itself: It was a massive animal, far larger than any nodosaurid and even the average ankylosaurid. Its armor, like that of other ankylosaurids, was plate-like and lightweight, rather than the spiky, heavyweight defenses nodosaurids displayed. Its massive tail club was similar to that of Euoplocephalus, yet with slightly different proportions. [7] [6] In season 5, Dr. Turner observed the herd of Parasaurolophus who had never seen anything like it. As a result of this behavior, the herd of Parasaurolophus showed signs of protecting eldery members by finding small land around each other to hide from predators, such as Baryonyx.

a b Coombs, W. (1979). "Osteology and myology of the hindlimb in the Ankylosauria (Reptillia, Ornithischia)". Journal of Paleontology. 53 (3): 666–84. JSTOR 1304004. Saichania • Saltasaurus • Saltopus • Sarcorixis • Sarcosaurus • Sarcosuchus Imperatosuchus ( Imperatosuchus 53) • Sarkastodon • Saurolophus • Sauropelta • Saurophaganax • Sauroposeidon • Saurornithoides • Saurornitholestes • Saurosuchus • Savannasaurus • Scaphognathus • Scaphotator • Scelidosaurus • Scipionyx • Sclerocephalus • Scolosaurus • Scorpios • Scutellosaurus • Scutomoceros • Scutophicyon • Scutosaurus • Secernosaurus • Secodontognathus • Secodontosaurus • Segisaurus • Segnoraptor • Segnosaurus • Segnosuchus • Segnotherisaurus • Sellosaurus • Shamosaurus • Shantungosaurus • Shastasaurus • Shonisaurus • Shringasaurus • Shunosaurus • Shuvosaurus • Shuvuuia • Siamosaurus • Siamotyrannus • Siats • Sigilmassasaurus • Simosuchus • Simurghia • Sino-Spino • Sinoceratops Ceramagnus • Sinokotaraptor • Sinornithoides • Sinornithosaurus • Sinosauropteryx • Sinosaurus • Sinraptor • Skoolasaurus • Skoonametrodon • Skoonasaurus • Skorpiovenator • Smilocephalosaurus • Smilodon • Smilonemys • Smithetoceras • Sonidosaurus • Sonorasaurus • Sphenacodon • Spinoconstrictor • Spinonyx • Spinoraptor • Spinosaurus • Spinotahraptor • Spinotasuchus • Staurikosaurus • Stegoceras • Stegoceratops • Stegodeus • Stegosaurus Stegosaurus lux • Stegospinus • Stegouros • Stiltotops • Stokesosaurus • Struthiomimus • Struthiosaurus • Stygi • Stygidaryx • Stygimoloch • Styracosaurus Styracosaurus lux • Styxosaurus • Subhyracodon • Suchodus • Suchomimus • Suchoripterus • Suchotator • Supersaurus • Suprannotitan • Suzhousaurus • Symmachosophus • Synthetoceras • Szechuanosaurus a b Maryanska, T. (1977). "Ankylosauridae (Dinosauria) from Mongolia" (PDF). Palaeontologia Polonica. 37: 85–151. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 12, 2020 . Retrieved July 25, 2015. Park JY, Lee YN, Kobayashi Y, Jacobs LL, Barsbold R, Lee HJ, Kim N, Song KY, Polcyn MJ (2021). "A new ankylosaurid from the Upper Cretaceous Nemegt Formation of Mongolia and implications for paleoecology of armoured dinosaurs". Scientific Reports. 11 (1): Article number 22928. Bibcode: 2021NatSR..1122928P. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-02273-4. PMC 8616956. PMID 34824329. What Killed the Gene Guard Act?. (February 23, 2018). Dinosaur Protection Group. Retrieved March 20, 2021.