Secret Alliances is a "thorough, authoritative and probably definitive account" of "the successes and failures of UK-Norwegian collaboration". Alan Judd, Former British Diplomat, Novelist and Biographer, The Spectator

Insall has used a great deal of new material but expresses frustration at the documents which remain classified. Sometimes less is more, however: there is a bit of information overload, particularly in the early chapters concerning the humdrum process of intelligence gathering and collating. Later chapters, concerning the major operations, are a lot more thrilling, although I recommend Neal Bascomb’s Winter Fortress for an even pacier account of the Vemork sabotage. UK and Greece seek strengthened Defence partnership". GOV.UK. 7 February 2023 . Retrieved 6 May 2023. Although we are now aware of all the clauses, changes and renewals for each of the aforementioned alliances and ententes, that was not the case at the time, where much of the alliance system, in the half century before the war, took place in secrecy. US and Papua New Guinea sign pact amid Pacific militarisation concerns". The Guardian. 22 May 2023 . Retrieved 14 August 2023.

Following the defeat of Napoleon, the alliance was formalised with the signing of the Treaty of Paris, on the 20th November 1815. The Quintuple Alliance (1818) The main goal of the Congress was France offering to pay most of the war indemnity still owed to the allies, in exchange for the withdrawal of their armies of occupation out of France. Austria-Hungary issued a number of harsh demands on Serbia, threatening to invade if Serbia did not comply. They gave them 48 hours to respond. When Serbia's response fell short of the demands, Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia on July 28. Having lost out to the French in its attempts to establish a colony in Northern Africa, Italy sought to secure support against France in the future. They found this support in the Triple Alliance—a formal military alliance between Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy.

US, Papua New Guinea sign defence agreement as Modi pledges support for Pacific Islands". Reuters. 22 May 2023 . Retrieved 14 August 2023. In response to Germany's alliances, France and Russia established an alliance in 1892. In 1904, Britain and France signed an agreement. The Triple Entente was formed between France, Britain, and Russia in 1907. Germany felt that this powerful alliance surrounding them posed a real threat to their existence and power in the region.

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During the 1820s, British foreign policy went in a different direction to the other four European powers, thus weakening the alliance somewhat. The Congress of Verona (1822)

Iraq-Jordan-Egypt Entente Moves Ahead Despite the GCC's Shadow". Arab Center Washington DC . Retrieved 6 May 2023.

ANGLO-RUSSIAN ENTENTE. In 1907, an agreement between Britain and Russia was signed as a way to ease tensions and restore good relations between the two nations. For the better part of the 19th century Britain and Russia had gone to war in the Crimea (1853-56). MAURITIUS - UNITED KINGDOM Agreement on Mutual Defence and Assistance". The National Archives . Retrieved 28 April 2023. Millis, Joe (7 December 2020). "UK and Israel sign agreement on military cooperation". Jewish News . Retrieved 6 May 2023.