Hayward, E.N. (2014). Places and objects within a virtual environment: An ecological investigation of spatial memory (Unpublished undergraduate thesis). University of Winnipeg: Manitoba, Canada.

The Male Advantage: A Double-Edged Sword | by Neeramitra The Male Advantage: A Double-Edged Sword | by Neeramitra

Borenstein, M., Hedges, L. V., Higgins, J. P. T., & Rothstein, H. (2009). Introduction to meta-analysis. doi: 10.1002/9780470743386As a simple way to examine the potential influence of the file-drawer problem on our results, we compared the mean estimated effect sizes for samples obtained from published ( k = 88 samples) and unpublished research ( k = 10 samples). This analysis showed no significant influence of publication status: χ 2 (1) = 0.001, p> 0.5. This suggests no evidence of a publication bias in the present sample.

transgender Olympians proving so controversial? Why are transgender Olympians proving so controversial?

Almela, M., van der Meij, L., Hidalgo, V., Villada, C., & Salvador, A. (2012). The cortisol awakening response and memory performance in older men and women. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 37(12), 1929–1940. doi: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2012.04.009 Pass federal and state legislation banning employment discrimination based on sexual orientation and allowing same-sex couples to marry and enjoy all the rights, responsibilities, and benefits of heterosexual married couples. So far, we have emphasized the relevance of potential sex differences in visual-spatial working memory to their relatively narrow implications for spatial abilities research. However, visual-spatial working memory tasks also are used widely for assessment and theory building in clinical (Alonso-Recio, Martín-Plasencia, Loeches-Alonso, & Serrano-Rodrigues, 2014; Barrett, Kelly, Bell, & King, 2008), developmental (Almela, van der Meij, Hidalgo, Villada, & Salvador, 2012; Teixeira, Zachi, Roque, Taub, & Ventura, 2011), and purely experimental settings (Hegarty, Montello, Richardson, Ishikawa, & Lovelace, 2006; Martin & Chaudry, 2014). Thus, visual-spatial working memory applies to many contexts and knowing whether it produces sex differences has important implications for how data are interpreted in these various contexts. Essentially, if we determine that sex differences exist in visual-spatial working memory, it might require an adjustment of norms in clinical settings, consideration of potentially different developmental trajectories for males and females, and additional components to existing theories. Yet, sex as a factor often is ignored in this area of research, as we discovered in our literature search. This means that the implications of the present paper go beyond establishing a potential link between sex differences in visual-spatial working memory and spatial ability. This paper also has implications for how we use visual-spatial working memory in clinical, developmental, and experimental settings.A number of variables were coded as factors that might moderate sex differences in visual-spatial working memory. Specifically, characteristics relevant to the samples themselves (sample level variables) and factors inherent to the tasks used in each study (measure level variables) were considered. Sample level variables Hyde, J. S. (2005). The gender similarities hypothesis. American Psychologist, 60, 581–592. doi: 10.1037/0003-066X.60.6.581 The present meta-analysis was designed to determine whether sex differences in visual-spatial working memory are significant for the overall sample and to identify the variables that moderate them. Examining these two questions would normally be quite straightforward as method to estimate overall effects and performing moderator analyses in the context of meta-analysis are well-established (Lipsey & Wilson, 2001). However, examination of the specific task used in assessing visual-spatial working memory requires consideration of multiple effect sizes obtained from the same sample of participants. These are non-independent effect sizes and this component violates an assumption of fixed and random effects meta-analysis (Borenstein et al., 2009). Reliance on one of these approaches to meta-analysis despite the violation of the assumption of independence among effect sizes would distort the statistical analyses, particularly the estimation of the standard errors (Bateman & Jones, 2003). In contrast, multilevel linear modeling (MLM) was designed to handle the type of hierarchical design represented in most meta-analyses without requiring independence of the effect sizes (Raudenbush & Bryk, 2002). In fact, it offers many advantages over fixed and random meta-analysis (Hox & de Leuw, 2003; Hox, 2008). Accordingly, MLM was used as the meta-analytic method here to allow a valid examination of the overall and moderator analyses. Of the most recent decision, Lord Coe said World Athletics was “guided by the overarching principle which is to protect the female category”. Men experience other problems that put themselves at a disadvantage compared to women. They commit much more violence than women do and, apart from rape, also suffer a much higher rate of violent victimization. They die earlier than women and are injured more often. Because men are less involved than women in child-rearing, they also miss out on the joy of parenting that women are much more likely to experience.

[PDF] The Male Advantage: A step by step blueprint for

Flannery, B., Fishbein, D., Krupitsky, E., Langevin, D., Verbitskaya, E., Bland, C., & Zvartau, E. (2007). Gender differences in neurocognitive functioning among alcohol-dependent Russian patients. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 31(5), 745–754. doi: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2007.00372.x Overall analysis in the memory for location (26 effect sizes from 9 samples) and the token (21 effect sizes from 14 samples) subgroups supported fit with the fixed effects model. Specifically, in both these grouping, non-significant homogeneity of effect sizes was observed: Q(25) = 34.96, p = 0.089 for location; Q(20) = 22.48 , p = 0.315 for token. This suggests that the fixed effects model is appropriate for these data and that sampling error accounts for variability in the effect sizes they comprise. Therefore, moderator analysis is not required or appropriate. Memory for patterns and other tasks Results of the overall analysis clearly show a male advantage in visual-spatial working memory with an estimated effect size of 0.155 that is significantly different from zero. However, this also reflects a small effect that essentially fits with the notion that most sex differences are small and that similarities tend to be the norm (Hyde, 2005; 2014). To put this finding in context, an effect size of 0.155 would require a total sample of 654 participants to achieve 80 % power at the 0.05 level of significance. This is much larger than the typical individual study sample size as presented in Table 1. This suggests that open archiving of data might provide an interesting avenue for researchers in that it would provide a cumulative record of available data that would likely improve our understanding of the underlying factors. Why is that the case? Obviously, a meta-analysis does not allow an answer to that question as all we can do is compare across studies. Interestingly, only one of the studies we retrieved (Hartley, Elsabagh, & File, 2004) examined memory for location and another visual-spatial working memory task (memory for pattern) in a within-subject design. What is even more interesting is that a male advantage emerged in both tasks in their study. This suggests that more research including visual-spatial working memory tasks that are or are not pure location measures are required to examine more closely the component processes. A study by Loring-Meier and Halpern ( 1999) actually examined what they viewed as components tasks reflecting the process of visual-spatial working memory. However, they did not include location as a component. In fact, we could not include their experiment in our sample because, taken separately, the components they studied did not fit our definition of visual-spatial working memory. To our knowledge, no other researchers have taken a sex differences perspective on components of visual-spatial working memory. The present results relevant to the effect of task suggest that it would be a worthwhile avenue for future research. Age as a moderator Increase enforcement of existing laws against gender-based employment discrimination and against sexual harassment.

The variables task, year of publication, publication status, mean age of sample, age coded categorically, testing medium, stimulus type, dependent variable, and type of memory were considered in the moderator analysis. Finally, as the standard error calculated for each effect size in a meta-analysis reflects an estimate of the variance for individual effect sizes (Borenstein et al., 2009), it was possible to compute “variance-known” (or V-known) hierarchical linear models. Effect sizes were treated as random effects whereas moderators were treated as fixed effects in what amounted to mixed models. It should be noted that the V-known modeling results in the precision weighted estimates of effect sizes typical of other approaches to meta-analysis (Raudenbush & Bryk, 2002).

The Male-Female Health-Survival Paradox: A Comparative The Male-Female Health-Survival Paradox: A Comparative

The purpose of the present study was to conduct a meta-analysis of sex differences in visual-spatial working memory to quantify the overall findings as well as to examine potential moderators of these sex differences. The importance of examining sex differences in visual-spatial working memory arose from the broad usage of such tasks in clinical and research settings. In addition, quantifying these sex differences has implications for the hypothesis that they might account for sex differences in spatial abilities. Essentially, even though many have made the claim that sex differences in spatial abilities, especially mental rotation, could stem from sex differences in visual-spatial working memory (Kaufman, 2007; Loring-Meier & Halpern, 1999; Wang & Carr, 2014), a comprehensive meta-analysis examining visual-spatial working memory in this context was missing until now. Examination of the combined effect size was performed by computing a null model where the test of significance for the intercept is examined (Raudenbush & Bryk, 2002). Results of this analysis revealed a mean estimated d of 0.155 (95 % confidence interval (CI) = 0.087-0.223), indicating that males significantly outperformed females on visual-spatial working memory tasks, t(97) = 4.54, p< 0.001. Gymnastics is an example of an integrated sport that accounts for physiological differences between men and women. “It allows men and women to compete in slightly different but similar disciplines that really show off their physiology,” explains Dr Bruce. “So, men do the rings, which require a lot of upper body strength, and women do the balance beam that requires balance and flexibility.” The downside of this is an increased risk of damage to tendons and ligaments, such as injuries to the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL), as seen in the Lionesses Chloe Kelly and Beth Mead. Lower body anatomy The overall and subgroup analyses overlapped much in terms of the significant moderators. Therefore, this part of the discussion will proceed as a function of specific moderators, starting with task as it was only possible to examine it in the overall analysis, then proceeding to those that emerged most frequently and moving on to those that were unique to a specific subgroup of tasks. Task as a moderator Geiger, J. F., & Litwiller, R. M. (2005). Spatial working memory and gender differences in science. Journal of Instructional Psychology, 32(1), 49–57.Sure, there are brilliant women spearheading research and building companies. But few men ever go, “Damn! She built a million-dollar company. That’s so hot!” This Comes Down to Our Evolutionary Wiring McIntosh, P. (2007). White privilege and male privilege: A personal account of coming to see correspondence through work in women’s studies. In M. L. Andersen & P. H. Collins (Eds.), Race, class, and gender: An anthology (6th ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth. Hartley, D. E., Elsabagh, S., & File, S. E. (2004). Binge drinking and sex: Effects on mood and cognitive function in healthy young volunteers. Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior, 78(3), 611–619. doi: 10.1016/j.pbb.2004.04.027