BioFabric open-source software for visualizing large networks by drawing nodes as horizontal lines. Angular resolution is a measure of the sharpest angles in a graph drawing. If a graph has vertices with high degree then it necessarily will have small angular resolution, but the angular resolution can be bounded below by a function of the degree. [12] In addition, the placement and routing steps of electronic design automation (EDA) are similar in many ways to graph drawing, as is the problem of greedy embedding in distributed computing, and the graph drawing literature includes several results borrowed from the EDA literature. However, these problems also differ in several important ways: for instance, in EDA, area minimization and signal length are more important than aesthetics, and the routing problem in EDA may have more than two terminals per net while the analogous problem in graph drawing generally only involves pairs of vertices for each edge. Herman, Ivan; Melançon, Guy; Marshall, M. Scott (2000), "Graph Visualization and Navigation in Information Visualization: A Survey", IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics, 6 (1): 24–43, doi: 10.1109/2945.841119 .

Longabaugh, William (2012), "Combing the hairball with BioFabric: a new approach for visualization of large networks", BMC Bioinformatics, 13: 275, doi: 10.1186/1471-2105-13-275, PMC 3574047, PMID 23102059 {{ citation}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI ( link).

Bachmaier, Christian; Brandes, Ulrik; Schreiber, Falk (2014), "Biological Networks", in Tamassia, Roberto (ed.), Handbook of Graph Drawing and Visualization, CRC Press, pp.621–651 . Many different quality measures have been defined for graph drawings, in an attempt to find objective means of evaluating their aesthetics and usability. [9] In addition to guiding the choice between different layout methods for the same graph, some layout methods attempt to directly optimize these measures. Nachmanson, Lev; Robertson, George; Lee, Bongshin (2008), "Drawing Graphs with GLEE" (PDF), in Hong, Seok-Hee; Nishizeki, Takao; Quan, Wu (eds.), Graph Drawing, 15th International Symposium, GD 2007, Sydney, Australia, September 24–26, 2007, Revised Papers, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol.4875, Springer-Verlag, pp.389–394, doi: 10.1007/978-3-540-77537-9_38, ISBN 978-3-540-77536-2 [ permanent dead link]. Holten, Danny; van Wijk, Jarke J. (2009), "A user study on visualizing directed edges in graphs", Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI '09) (PDF), pp.2299–2308, CiteSeerX 10.1.1.212.5461, doi: 10.1145/1518701.1519054, ISBN 9781605582467, S2CID 9725345, archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-11-06 .

The slope number of a graph is the minimum number of distinct edge slopes needed in a drawing with straight line segment edges (allowing crossings). Cubic graphs have slope number at most four, but graphs of degree five may have unbounded slope number; it remains open whether the slope number of degree-4 graphs is bounded. [12] Kaufmann, Michael; Wagner, Dorothea, eds. (2001), Drawing Graphs: Methods and Models, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol.2025, Springer-Verlag, doi: 10.1007/3-540-44969-8, ISBN 978-3-540-42062-0, S2CID 1808286 . Di Battista, Giuseppe; Rimondini, Massimo (2014), "Computer Networks", in Tamassia, Roberto (ed.), Handbook of Graph Drawing and Visualization, CRC Press, pp.763–803 . Symmetry display is the problem of finding symmetry groups within a given graph, and finding a drawing that displays as much of the symmetry as possible. Some layout methods automatically lead to symmetric drawings; alternatively, some drawing methods start by finding symmetries in the input graph and using them to construct a drawing. [11] Scott, John (2000), "Sociograms and Graph Theory", Social network analysis: a handbook (2nded.), Sage, pp.64–69, ISBN 978-0-7619-6339-4 .

Saaty, Thomas L. (1964), "The minimum number of intersections in complete graphs", Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 52 (3): 688–690, Bibcode: 1964PNAS...52..688S, doi: 10.1073/pnas.52.3.688, PMC 300329, PMID 16591215 . Spectral layout methods use as coordinates the eigenvectors of a matrix such as the Laplacian derived from the adjacency matrix of the graph. [15] The crossing number of a drawing is the number of pairs of edges that cross each other. If the graph is planar, then it is often convenient to draw it without any edge intersections; that is, in this case, a graph drawing represents a graph embedding. However, nonplanar graphs frequently arise in applications, so graph drawing algorithms must generally allow for edge crossings. [10] Di Battista et al. (1994), Section 2.7, "The Force-Directed Approach", pp. 29–30, and Chapter 10, "Force-Directed Methods", pp. 303–326. Published in Grandjean, Martin (2014). "La connaissance est un réseau". Les Cahiers du Numérique. 10 (3): 37–54. doi: 10.3166/lcn.10.3.37-54. Archived from the original on 2015-06-27 . Retrieved 2014-10-15.

Koren, Yehuda (2005), "Drawing graphs by eigenvectors: theory and practice", Computers & Mathematics with Applications, 49 (11–12): 1867–1888, doi: 10.1016/j.camwa.2004.08.015, MR 2154691 . A drawing of a graph or network diagram is a pictorial representation of the vertices and edges of a graph. This drawing should not be confused with the graph itself: very different layouts can correspond to the same graph. [2] In the abstract, all that matters is which pairs of vertices are connected by edges. In the concrete, however, the arrangement of these vertices and edges within a drawing affects its understandability, usability, fabrication cost, and aesthetics. [3] The problem gets worse if the graph changes over time by adding and deleting edges (dynamic graph drawing) and the goal is to preserve the user's mental map. [4] Graphical conventions [ edit ] Directed graph with arrowheads showing edge directions Di Battista et al. (1994), Chapter 5, "Flow and Orthogonal Drawings", pp. 137–170; ( Eiglsperger, Fekete & Klau 2001).

Draw on graph paper online

Tantau, Till (2013), "Graph Drawing in TikZ", Journal of Graph Algorithms and Applications, 17 (4): 495–513, doi: 10.7155/jgaa.00301 . Dominance drawing places vertices in such a way that one vertex is upwards, rightwards, or both of another if and only if it is reachable from the other vertex. In this way, the layout style makes the reachability relation of the graph visually apparent. [21]