Policing The organisation of policing Understanding policing What do the police do? Criminal investigation National Intelligence Model (NIM) Investigation and forensics Police powers Stop and search Arrest Detention at the police station Right to silence Models of policing Community policing Problem-oriented policing Intelligence-led policing A brief history of policing Emergence of the ‘new police’ The Royal Commission on the Police Problems of legitimacy Centralisation Key themes in policing Police culture Zero-tolerance policing Police corruption The causes of police corruption Police governance Plural policing A revolution in policing? Questions for further discussion Further reading Websites

Criminology [PDF] [5p1m3gp4oq40] - E-book library Criminology [PDF] [5p1m3gp4oq40] - E-book library

Crime and punishment in history Introduction Emergence of a modern criminal justice system Policing The ‘new police’ Resistance and reform Into the twentieth century The victim and prosecution Formalisation of the prosecution process The courts Decline of the profit motive Punishment Capital punishment Transportation Imprisonment Probation Crime and violence in history Levels of crime Perceptions of crime Questions for further discussion Further reading Websites Victimisation surveys The Crime Survey for England and Wales Local crime surveys Other victimisation surveys Assessing victimisation surveys Comparing official statistics and victimisation surveys Crime trends Data on offenders Self-report studies Assessing the self-report method Questions for further discussion Further reading Websites Home Detention Curfew Her Majesty’s Crown Prosecution Service Inspectorate Her Majesty’s Inspectorate of Constabulary for England, Wales and Northern Ireland Her Majesty’s Inspectorate of Court Administration Her Majesty’s Inspectorate of Prisons for England and Wales Her Majesty’s Inspectorate of Probation for England and Wales Health and Safety Commission Health and Safety Executive The Perry Pre-School Project Cognitive-behavioural interventions with young people Community approaches and prevention Operation Ceasefire Mentoring Analysis for crime prevention Hot spots Repeat victimisation Kirkholt Burglary Prevention Project Questions for further discussion Further reading Websites

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Understanding crime and criminology Crime and punishment in history Crime data and crime trends Crime and the media The politics of crime and its control Prisons and imprisonment The rise of the prison Imprisonment in Britain Prison security Strangeways and Woolf Trends in imprisonment Imprisonment and penal politics International trends Capital punishment The prison system Types of prison Private prisons Life on the inside Prisoners Incarceration and social exclusion Violence in prison Prison officers Release from prison Governance, accountability and human rights Independent inspection Grievance or complaints procedures Human rights and imprisonment Questions for further discussion Further reading Websites coverage of all major areas of Criminology and Criminal Justice as well as guidance on how to research, and dissertation/long essay writing; Tim was editor of the journal Policy Studies (1995-2001), the founding editor of Criminology and Criminal Justice (2001-2006) and is General Editor of Routledge’s Key Ideas in Criminologyseries, and a series editor of Key Thinkers in Criminology . He was elected to the Academy of Learned Societies in the Social Sciences in 2005, and was President of the British Society of Criminology from 2005-2008.

Criminology: A Very Short Introduction - Paperback - Tim Criminology: A Very Short Introduction - Paperback - Tim

Newburn's Criminology has established itself as the market leading textbook in the subject for the UK market. Affectionately known by students and instructor as 'the Criminology Bible' (for its size as well as its reputation); it is an accessible and engaging 'one-stop-shop' for a Criminology degree, covering everything topic you will study over three years. Understanding criminological research 993 Introduction Research methods Surveys Questionnaire design Interviews Focus groups Ethnography Documentary analysis Case studies Sampling Random (or probability) sampling Stratified sampling Quota sampling Purposive sampling Convenience sampling Snowball sampling Statistics Descriptive statistics Numerical and categorical data Normal distribution Correlation Probability and significance Controversy: evaluation and experimentation Experimental methods Quasi-experimental methods Evaluation research Questions for further discussion Further reading Websites Comprehensive and accessible, Tim Newburn’s bestselling Criminology provides an introduction to the fundamental themes, concepts, theories, methods and events that underpin the subject and form the basis for all undergraduate degree courses and modules in Criminology and Criminal Justice. This third edition includes: New and updated crime data and analysis of trends, plus new content on recent events such as the Volkswagen scandal, the latest developments on historic child abuse, as well as extended coverage throughout of the English riots

The ‘Lombrosian project’ – studies which sought to examine the characteristics of ‘criminals’ and ‘non-criminals’ with a view to being able to distinguish the groups, thereby developing an understanding of the causes of crime. Organised crime Defining organised crime Traditional forms of organised crime The Mafia Triads The Yakuza Organised crime in America The organisation of organised crime An alien conspiracy theory The ethnic succession thesis How organised was American organised crime? Organised crime in Britain Transnational organised crime Human trafficking and migrant smuggling Drug trafficking Transnational crime control Transnational policing Europol Understanding organised crime Questions for further discussion Further reading Websites

Criminology Criminology

Volunteers in the criminal justice system Criminal justice in Scotland Is it really a system? The criminal justice process Fixed penalty notices Expenditure and employment Management and oversight in criminal justice New public management Youth Justice Board Inspectorates Her Majesty’s Inspectorate of Constabulary for England, Wales and Northern Ireland (HMIC) Her Majesty’s Crown Prosecution Service Inspectorate (HMCPSI) Her Majesty’s Inspectorate of Prisons for England and Wales (HMIP) Her Majesty’s Inspectorate of Probation for England and Wales (HMI Probation) Prisons and Probation Ombudsman Independent Police Complaints Commission (IPCC) Politics and criminal justice reform Understanding criminal justice Adversarial versus inquisitorial systems Due process versus crime control Questions for further discussion Further reading Websites An interdisciplinary subject Thortsen Sellin, an American criminologist writing in the 1930s, once observed that the ‘criminologist does not exist who is an expert in all the disciplines which converge in the study of crime’ (Sellin, 1970: 6). As a criminology student you will quickly discover just how many disciplinary approaches are utilised in studying crime and criminal justice. In this book you will come across work by psychologists, sociologists, political scientists, lawyers, historians, geographers and others, all working within the subject of criminology. That they do so is one of criminology’s great strengths. Different disciplines have been dominant at different points in the history of criminology, and there are differing orientations to be found within criminology in different countries. Nevertheless, as you will see as this book progresses, criminology is influenced by, and draws upon, psychology, sociology, legal theory, history and other subjects besides. This raises a number of issues. It means that not only will you find a number of different approaches being taken to the subject matter, but that sometimes these approaches will appear rather at odds with each other. This is one of the great challenges within criminology and, though it can occasionally seem daunting, it is one of the characteristics which I think makes the discipline attractive. Linked with this is the question of whether it is appropriate to use the word discipline at all. Criminology, as I have suggested, draws from disciplines such as psychology and sociology, and there has been quite some debate about whether criminology can lay claim to such status itself (I tend to think not). This is not an argument we can resolve here. The British criminologist David Downes once described criminology as a ‘rendezvous subject’. He did so Radical victimology Critical victimology The nature of victimisation The extent of victimisation Repeat victimisation Victimisation and the vulnerable Victimisation and the homeless Victimisation and the elderly The impact of victimisation Physical impact Behavioural impact Emotional and psychological impact Financial impact Fear of crime Victims policy Criminal injuries compensation Court-ordered compensation Feminism and ‘secondary victimisation’ Child abuse Victim Support Victims’ rights? One-stop shop and victim statements Victim personal statements Rebalancing the criminal justice system? Questions for further discussion Further reading Websites Trends in violent crime Contemporary trends Riots Hate crime The emergence of ‘hate crime’ Extent of hate crime and the criminal justice response What is the motivation behind hate crime? Why hate crime? Property crime Trends in property crime Burglary Trends in burglary Distraction burglary Burglars on burglary Crimes against retail and manufacturing premises Car crime Injuries and deaths on the road Measuring car crime Joyriding Thinking about violent and volume crime Questions for further discussion Further reading Websites Crime prevention and community safety Defining crime prevention Crime prevention as a policy issue ‘Five Towns’ and ‘Safer Cities’ Neighbourhood Watch From crime prevention to community safety Crime and Disorder Act 1998 From community safety to crime reduction Reviewing the Crime and Disorder Act Anti-social behaviour ‘Broken Windows’ The anti-social behaviour and respect agendas Crime prevention in practice Situational crime prevention Displacement Social and community crime prevention Criminality prevention Risk-focused preventionDrugs and alcohol Introduction What are drugs? Changing official attitudes toward drugs Who uses drugs? Trends in drug use The normalisation debate Drugs and crime Drug use causes crime Crime causes drug use A common cause? A reciprocal relationship? No causal relationship? Drugs and criminal justice Drug testing Drugs and policing Alcohol Patterns of consumption Young people and alcohol Young people, alcohol and moral panic Alcohol, crime and criminal justice The legal situation Alcohol and crime Costs of alcohol misuse and alcohol-related crime Government alcohol policy Youth Justice Board Youth Lifestyles Survey Young Offenders Institution Youth Offender Panel Youth Offending Service Youth Offending Team Introduction The emergence of labelling theory Primary and secondary deviance Becker’s outsiders Moral entrepreneurship ‘Becoming a marijuana user’ Stigma Self-fulfilling prophecy Deviancy amplification Folk Devils and Moral Panics Braithwaite and ‘shaming’ Assessing labelling theory Questions for further discussion Further reading Websites Comprehensive in its coverage and written in a manner that is accessible to all students, the third edition of Criminology underlines why it is the undergraduate textbook. The classic sections have been complemented by new chapters that help students understand how crime control does not take place in a vacuum (The Politics of Crime and its Control), as well as encouraging students to think critically about the crime information we consume (Crime Data and Crime Trends). The most valuable aspect of the text is how core research methods concepts are provided in the same books as criminological content, which helps students to see, and understand, the crucial link between theory and research. Without doubt, this textbook provides the starting point for any criminological discussion."

Criminology: A Very Short Introduction What is crime? | Criminology: A Very Short Introduction

Part 5 Critical issues in criminology 32 Race, crime and criminal justice Introduction Sources of data Cultural criminology Crime as culture Culture as crime Media dynamics of crime and control A critique of cultural criminology Questions for further discussion Further reading Websites Youth crime and youth justice Youth crime Persistent young offenders Trends in youth crime Ethnic minority youth and crime Drug use and crime Victimisation Youth justice Childhood and punishment Emergence of a juvenile justice system The tide turns The punitive shift The rise of managerialism A new youth justice? Youth Offending Teams (YOTs) Drug Abstinence Order Drug Abstinence Requirement Department for Constitutional Affairs (replaced by Ministry of Justice) Drug Rehabilitation Requirement Detention and Training Order Drug Treatment and Testing Order Domestic Violence UnitThis book, now in its third edition, is still unsurpassed in terms of its depth, breadth and coverage for new undergraduate Criminology students. The addition of a chapter on politics and crime does what so few textbooks manage to do – locate criminology within its historical, social and political context. The live Twitter feed and Facebook page will complement the author’s already well established position as the ‘go to’ criminologist on social media.” —Dr Sarah Charman, University of Portsmouth “Criminology is by far the best, most comprehensive and authoritative textbook available. The third edition provides updated material on recent developments and an invaluable new chapter on the politics of crime control. The clarity of the writing, the breadth and depth of coverage, the links to further reading and to other relevant resources all make this a perfectly balanced introduction to the subject.” —Professor George Mair, Liverpool Hope University “Comprehensive in its coverage and written in a manner that is accessible to all students, the third edition of Criminology underlines why it is the undergraduate textbook. The classic sections have been complemented by new chapters that help students understand how crime control does not take place in a vacuum (The Politics of Crime and its Control), as well as encouraging students to think critically about the crime information we consume (Crime Data and Crime Trends). The most valuable aspect of the text is how core research methods concepts are provided in the same books as criminological content, which helps students to see, and understand, the crucial link between theory and research. Without doubt, this textbook provides the starting point for any criminological discussion.” —Dr Vicky Heap, Sheffield Hallam University “This is the most comprehensive, detailed and clearly structured introduction to Criminology and Criminal Justice on the market. It has already become to go-to textbook for Criminology undergraduates, and with the addition of new material tackling the leading-edge debates shaping the field today, Tim Newburn has managed in this 3rd Edition to raise the bar even further. Just about every conceivable criminological concept, theory, method and approach is contextualised, outlined and evaluated. With extensive reading lists, smart discussion and revision questions, and a dynamic website, this textbook is a must for students of Criminology and Criminal Justice.” —Professor Chris Greer, City University London What is criminology? This is a question that is deceptively simple in appearance, but really quite tricky to answer with great certainty. It is tricky partly because, as we will see, criminology is a mixture of different disciplines, differing objects of study and some dispute over where, precisely, its boundaries actually lie and should lie. Importantly, however, the fact that we begin with this question assumes that you are new to this subject. Indeed, that is the underlying assumption. This book is designed as an introduction for students who are studying criminology. I have endeavoured not to make too many assumptions about pre-existing knowledge of the subject and, wherever possible, I will hope to begin from basics and work progressively toward more complex ideas or arguments. Criminology is a strange beast. With origins in applied medico-legal science, psychiatry, a scientifically oriented psychology and in nineteenthcentury social reform movements, for much of the second half of the twentieth century British criminology was dominated by sociology or at least a predominantly sociological approach to criminology. Times are changing again, however, and a new strand of technical and highly policy-oriented ‘scientific’ criminology has been emerging more recently. During the course of this book you will meet all these variants and should learn how to assess their competing claims. In a masterly analysis of the emergence and development of criminology in Britain, David Garland (2002: 8) introduced the subject in the following way: I take criminology to be a specific genre of discourse and inquiry about crime – a genre that has developed in the modern period and that A new chapter on politics, reflecting the ever increasing coverage of political influence and decision-making on criminology courses Penology and punishment What is punishment? Utilitarian or consequentialist approaches Deterrence General deterrence Individual deterrence Rehabilitation Incapacitation Retributivism Just deserts The sociology of punishment Émile Durkheim Max Weber Marxism Norbert Elias Michel Foucault The impact of Foucault Conclusion: an era of mass incarceration? Questions for further discussion Further reading Websites Radical and critical criminology Introduction Crime and the underdog Marx and Marxism Willem Bonger American radicalism Vold and criminalisation Austin Turk William Chambliss From conflict to peacemaking