Examination of the few actual transcripts published by Targ and Puthoff show that just such clues were present. To find out if the unpublished transcripts contained cues, Marks and Kammann wrote to Targ and Puthoff requesting copies. It is almost unheard of for a scientist to refuse to provide his data for independent examination when asked, but Targ and Puthoff consistently refused to allow Marks and Kammann to see copies of the transcripts. Marks and Kammann were, however, able to obtain copies of the transcripts from the judge who used them. The transcripts were found to contain a wealth of cues. [19] Marks and Kamman concluded: "Until remote viewing can be confirmed in conditions which prevent sensory cueing the conclusions of Targ and Puthoff remain an unsubstantiated hypothesis." [42] In 1980, Charles Tart claimed that a rejudging of the transcripts from one of Targ and Puthoff's experiments revealed an above-chance result. [43] Targ and Puthoff again refused to provide copies of the transcripts and it was not until July 1985 that they were made available for study when it was discovered they still contained sensory cues. [31] Marks and Christopher Scott (1986) wrote "considering the importance for the remote viewing hypothesis of adequate cue removal, Tart’s failure to perform this basic task seems beyond comprehension. As previously concluded, remote viewing has not been demonstrated in the experiments conducted by Puthoff and Targ, only the repeated failure of the investigators to remove sensory cues." [44] Gardner, Martin (2000). Did Adam and Eve Have Navels?: Debunking Pseudoscience. New York: W.W. Norton. pp.60–67. ISBN 978-0393322385. Radin, D. & Lobach, E. (2006). Presentiment in the brain. In Proceedings of the 49th Annual Convention of the Parapsychological Association (164-75). Petaluma, CA: Parapsychological Association. In an experiment reported in 1978 by Gary Heseltine, subjects had their EEGs connected to a RNG adapted to randomly stop on either a 1 or a 0 each time the polarity of the subject’s EEG changed from negative to positive or positive to negative. 29Exploiting the subject’s EEG in this fashion caused a significant shift in RNG output from 50.0% to 50.8% (p = 0.014).

Kitennis, M. (2011). Anomalous anticipatory event-related EEG activity in a face recognition task. Proceedings of the 54 thconference of the Parapsychological Association. Ramakrishna Rao, then at India’s Andhra University, ran a telepathy study using a selected individual who could control alpha production at will. 20For each trial the subject was asked to either increase or decrease his alpha production before attempting to ‘receive’ the contents of a picture being sent telepathically by a remotely located experimenter. His ESP scores were significantly higher during the alpha-production trials than on the alpha suppression trials (p = 0.05). Stanford and Palmer, 1975Gordon, Henry. (1988). Extrasensory Deception: ESP, Psychics, Shirley MacLaine, Ghosts, UFOs. Macmillan of Canada. ISBN 0771595395

James Randi. (1997). " Remote viewing" in An Encyclopedia of Claims, Frauds, and Hoaxes of the Occult and Supernatural. St. Martin's Griffin. Like the CIA’s official debrief of the research, mainstream scientists and communicators have panned his work because it’s been impossible to reproduce to the degree of success that Targ reports. They include renowned skeptic Michael Shermer, the scientists behind a 1988 National Research Council review of his work, and the TEDx organizers who canceled his talk in 2013 because it was “pseudoscience.” Heseltine, G. L. (1977). Electronic random number generator operation associated with EEG activity. Journal of Parapsychology 41, 103-18. Targ, R. (2013). Russell Targ. In Men and Women of Parapsychology, Personal Reflections:Esprit Volume 2, ed. byR. Pilkington. San Antonio, Texas and Charlottesville, Virginia, USA: Anomalist Books.

The Theory of Eight-Space

White, R. A. (1964). A comparison of old and new methods of response to targets in ESP experiments . Journal of the American Society for Psychical Research 58, 21-56. Endnotes Michael Shermer investigated remote viewing experiments and discovered a problem with the target selection list. According to Shermer with the sketches only a handful of designs are usually used such as lines and curves which could depict any object and be interpreted as a "hit". Shermer has also written about confirmation and hindsight biases that have occurred in remote viewing experiments. [36]

Despite the widespread criticism about his experimental design and data collection — the CIA report says that Targ and his partner, Hal Puthoff, Ph.D., “did not quote their own sources accurately” — Targ, who considers himself a laser scientist, maintains that his data are valid. The psychic Ingo Swann knew Jupiter had ice rings before NASA did, he says, and Stargate alum Joe McMoneagle used ESP to locate secret Chinese and Soviet military facilities. The documentary is full of psychics’ drawings of random objects they were asked to view remotely, side-by-side with actual photos of those objects. Were the experimental design behind them shown to be sound, they would be impressive. Samuel Moulton, a Harvard psychology graduate student, and Stephen Kosslyn, a Harvard psychology professor, published a high-profile study investigating telepathy. 6 They recruited 16 pairs of individuals sharing an emotional bond, with one acting as the ‘receiver’ monitored by fMRI, the other acting as ‘sender’ at a distance. Each receiver was shown two images and asked to identify which of the two was being ‘sent’ telepathically by the other person. Guessing accuracy was almost exactly at chance (49.9%), and no significant differences in brain activity between hits and misses were found. Pronounced brain differences in one subject (p = 0.001) were dismissed as artifactual. Hinterberger, 2009 Marks noted that when the cues were eliminated the results fell to a chance level. [20] James Randi noted that controlled tests by several other researchers, eliminating several sources of cuing and extraneous evidence present in the original tests, produced negative results. Students were also able to solve Puthoff and Targ's locations from the clues that had inadvertently been included in the transcripts. [21] Marks and Kamman concluded: "Until remote viewing can be confirmed in conditions which prevent sensory cueing the conclusions of Targ and Puthoff remain an unsubstantiated hypothesis." [22] According to Martin Gardner, Puthoff (and Targ) "imagined they could do research in parapsychology but instead dealt with 'psychics' who were cleverer than they were". [23] Patrizio Tressoldi at the University of Padua experimented with twenty pairs of subjects, in which one individual received both visual and auditory stimulation while the other’s EEG was being monitored for synchronous signals indicating telepathic transfer of information. 8 Analysis revealed an overall increase in the correlation among the EEG channels of the isolated distant partners to a statistically significant degree. Additionally, Tressoldi found a correlation in the strength of EEG signals between sender and receiver participants. Clairvoyance Studies Gerard Senehia b Randi, James (n.d.) [1995 (print)]. "Remote Viewing". An Encyclopedia of Claims, Frauds, and Hoaxes of the Occult and Supernatural. Digital adaptation by Gilles-Maurice de Schryver. (Onlineed.). James Randi Educational Foundation [ St. Martin's Press (print)] . Retrieved 26 January 2022. Mind Reach: Scientists Look at Psychic Ability (1977, 2005 with H Puthoff). New York: Delacorte Press. a b Gilovich, Thomas (1993). How We Know What Isn't So: Fallibility of Human Reason in Everyday Life. Free Press. pp. 166–173. ISBN 978-0029117064 He is author or co-author of nine books dealing with the scientific investigation of psychic abilities and Buddhist approaches to the transformation of consciousness, including Mind Reach: Scientists Look at Psychic Ability (with E. Harold Puthoff, 1977, 2005); Miracles of Mind: Exploring Nonlocal Consciousness and Spiritual Healing (with Jane Katra, 1998); and Limitless Mind: A Guide to Remote Viewing and Transformation of Consciousness (2004). He also wrote an autobiography, Do You See What I See: Memoirs of a Blind Biker, in 2008. His current book is The Reality of ESP: A Physicist's Proof of Psychic Abilities. Nelson, RD; Dunne, BJ; Dobyns, YH; Jahn, RG (1996). "Precognitive remote perception: Replication of remote viewing" (PDF). Journal of Scientific Exploration. Society for Scientific Exploration. 10 (1): 109–110. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-01-07 . Retrieved 2008-06-02.