The digraph ch also exists in some words ( technika, monarchia) and is pronounced the same as h. In names, however, it is pronounced like cs as well as like h or k (as in German) (see below). The Arabic alphabet is always cursive and letters vary in shape depending on their position within a word. Letters can exhibit up to four distinct forms corresponding to an initial, medial (middle), final, or isolated position ( IMFI). While some letters show considerable variations, others remain almost identical across all four positions. Generally, letters in the same word are linked together on both sides by short horizontal lines, but six letters ( و ,ز ,ر ,ذ ,د ,ا) can only be linked to their preceding letter. For example, أرارات ( Ararat) has only isolated forms because each letter cannot be connected to its following one. In addition, some letter combinations are written as ligatures (special shapes), notably lām-alif لا, [6] which is the only mandatory ligature (the un-ligated combination ل‍‌‍ا is considered difficult to read). könnyű is collated as <ö>< ny><ű>. tizennyolc of course as < n>, as this is a compound: tizen+ nyolc ('above ten' + 'eight' = 'eighteen'). Daniels, Peter T.; Bright, William, eds. (1996). The World's Writing Systems. Oxford University Press, Inc. p.559. ISBN 978-0195079937. Old spellings (sometimes similar to German orthography) used in some Hungarian names and their corresponding pronunciation according to modern spelling include the following:

An exception is made at the joining points of compound words, for example: je gygyűrű 'engagement ring' ( jegy + gyűrű) rather than * jeggyűrű. A traditional form to denotate the sīn س letter, used in areas influenced by Persian script and former Ottoman script, although rarely. Also used in older Pashto script. [10]

The traditional style to write or print the letter, and remains so in the Nile Valley region (Egypt, Sudan, South Sudan... etc.) and sometimes Maghreb; yā’ ي is dotless in the isolated and final position. Visually identical to alif maqṣūrah ى; resembling the Perso-Arabic letter یـ ـیـ ـی ی which was also used in Ottoman Turkish. The apostrophe (ʼ) is not usually considered part of the English alphabet nor used as a diacritic, even in loanwords. But it is used for two important purposes in written English: to mark the "possessive" [p] and to mark contracted words. Current standards require its use for both purposes. Therefore, apostrophes are necessary to spell many words even in isolation, unlike most punctuation marks, which are concerned with indicating sentence structure and other relationships among multiple words. To preserve the proper vowel sounds, scholars developed several different sets of vocalization and diacritical symbols called nequdot ( נקודות‎‎, literally "points"). One of these, the Tiberian system, eventually prevailed. Aaron ben Moses ben Asher, and his family for several generations, are credited for refining and maintaining the system. These points are normally used only for special purposes, such as Biblical books intended for study, in poetry or when teaching the language to children. The Tiberian system also includes a set of cantillation marks, called trope or te'amim, used to indicate how scriptural passages should be chanted in synagogue recitations of scripture (although these marks do not appear in the scrolls). In everyday writing of modern Hebrew, niqqud are absent; however, patterns of how words are derived from Hebrew roots (called shorashim or "triliterals") allow Hebrew speakers to determine the vowel-structure of a given word from its consonants based on the word's context and part of speech. The alphabet is based on the Latin alphabet, with several added variations of letters, consisting 44 letters. Over the 26 letters of the ISO basic Latin alphabet it has five letters with an acute accent, two letters with an umlaut, two letters with a double acute accent, eight letters made up of two characters, and one letter made up of three characters. In some other languages, characters with diacritical marks would be considered variations of the base letter, however in Hungarian, these characters are considered letters in their own right. [1]

The guidelines specified by the Academy of the Hebrew Language prefer Resh with a geresh ( ר׳‎); however, this guideline is not universally followed Depending on fonts used for rendering, the form shown on-screen may or may not be the ligature form. MHRA Style Guide: A Handbook for Authors and Editors (pdf) (3rded.), London: Modern Humanities Research Association, 2013, Section 2.2, ISBN 978-1-78188-009-8 , retrieved 2019-06-17. These are intended for Yiddish. They are not used in Hebrew, aside from in loan words [d]. They are possible to visually recreate using a sequence of letters, וו וי יי‎, except when a diacritic is inserted underneath that it would not appear in the middle. The following are not individual letters, but rather different contextual variants of some of the Arabic letters.

Main articles: Biblical Hebrew phonology, Modern Hebrew phonology, International Phonetic Alphabet for Hebrew, and Yiddish phonology

As an auxiliary letter sometimes Ë is used in academic documents to show different pronunciation of spoken dialects, though it is not part of the alphabet. [2] Standard alphabet Majuscule forms (also called uppercase or capital letters)

Alphabetical Order

Although Napoleon generally receives credit for introducing the printing press to Egypt during his invasion of that country in 1798, and though he did indeed bring printing presses and Arabic presses to print the French occupation's official newspaper Al-Tanbiyyah "The Courier", printing in the Arabic language started several centuries earlier. yogh, ȝogh or yoch / ˈ j ɒ ɡ/ or / ˈ j ɒ x/, used for various sounds derived from / ɡ/, such as / j/ and / x/. Replaced by y, j [n] and ch [o] now. To write qalaba without this ambiguity, we could indicate that the l is followed by a short a by writing a fatḥah above it. Digraphs (Phonics on the Web)". phonicsontheweb.com. Archived from the original on 2016-04-13 . Retrieved 2016-04-07.

ethel, ēðel, œ̄þel, etc. / ˈ ɛ ð əl/, used for the vowel / œ/, which disappeared from the language quite early. Replaced by oe [m] and e now. Geresh is also used to denote an abbreviation consisting of a single Hebrew letter, while gershayim (a doubled geresh) are used to denote acronyms pronounced as a string of letters; geresh and gershayim are also used to denote Hebrew numerals consisting of a single Hebrew letter or of multiple Hebrew letters, respectively. Geresh is also the name of a cantillation mark used for Torah recitation, though its visual appearance and function are different in that context. The first surviving document that definitely uses these dots is also the first surviving Arabic papyrus ( PERF 558), dated April 643, although they did not become obligatory until much later. Important texts were and still are frequently memorized, especially in Qurʾan memorization. Note 2: The pronunciation of tsere and sometimes segol – with or without the letter yod – is sometimes ei in Modern Hebrew. This is not correct in the normative pronunciation and not consistent in the spoken language. [22]Adding a geresh ("׳") to a letter multiplies its value by one thousand, for example, the year 5778 is portrayed as ה׳תשע״ח, where ה׳ represents 5000, and תשע״ח represents 778. Another ligature in the Unicode Presentation Form A range U+FB50 to U+FDxx is the special code for glyph for the ligature Allāh ("God"), U+FDF2 ARABIC LIGATURE ALLAH ISOLATED FORM: This simplified style is often preferred for clarity, especially in non-Arabic languages, but may not be considered appropriate in situations where a more elaborate style of calligraphy is preferred. – SIL International [9] alif + lām + lām + U+0651 ARABIC SHADDA + U+0670 ARABIC LETTER SUPERSCRIPT ALEF + hā’ اللّٰه ( DejaVu Sans and KacstOne don't show the added superscript Alef) Similar 'ambiguities', which can occur with compounds (which are highly common in Hungarian) are dissolved and collated by sense.