Since Article 3 (Definitions) is limited to the same exemplary enumeration, the Directive fails to provide a full description or even mapping of access services to ensure media accessibility, let alone their characterization as translation-based or not (see Greco and Jankowska Citation2020) or as provided live or not. It will be up to legislators in EU member states to adopt the necessary legal provisions in yet another example of regulatory efforts in which the result will be determined by the variable interplay of stakeholder interests and contributions. It is doubtful that scholars (and their academic publications) will play a leading role in this endeavour, just like they appear to have little impact on the (re)drafting of international standards regarding translation and interpreting services, which, ideally, could be incorporated into legislation by way of reference and thus become even legally binding.

Cultivating a thinking surgeon, using a Clinical Thinking Pathway as a learning and assessment process: ten years on European Union. 2019. Directive (EU) 2019/882 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 17 April 2019 on the Accessibility Requirements for Products and Services. http://data.europa.eu/eli/dir/2019/882/oj. Accessed 30 November 2022. [Google Scholar] Opportunities for employment may arise anywhere, especially for community-based assignments and telephone work. The main centres for international conferences include Brussels, London, New York, Geneva and Paris. You may be required to be away from home overnight or to be abroad for long periods depending on your assignment.A more automation-resistant form of human media-content processing that is equally monolingual and intermodal is live audio description (AD). Unlike (intralingual) live subtitling, however, which encompasses two modalities of the same language, spoken and written, live AD involves the semiotic (sub)mode of moving images as well as the spoken modality of language. The basis of a plant's spectral response of photosynthesis, or the photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) curve, is derived from earlier studies nearly five decades ago. These studies reported that blue and red light were the primary wavelengths; however, shifting within red and blue peaks (10-40 nm) in addition to different PAR curve shapes was observed. In recent years, the McCree curve, which is considered the standard for spectral response of photosynthesis, has been challenged because of experimental design and differences between photosynthetic and whole-plant growth responses. Therefore, this overview provides an amalgamation of all the PAR curve studies, with a focus on narrow spectrum light characteristics, including light measurement units, full width at half maximums (FWHMs) of narrow light spectra, and light intensity levels. While replicating these pioneering works with higher wavelength resolution and narrower light spectrum across the whole visible spectrum is still challenging, we hope that this re-interpretation of PAR curves in plants can elucidate and provide in-depth insight into spectral responses of photosynthesis. We leave the readers with some different perspectives and prospects that need to be considered for future studies.

You may carry out interpreting in person or by telephone, video conferencing and internet-based technologies (remote interpreting). Interpreting can be done in different ways: Bailey, Celia. 2021. A review of Mohammad Ghazali: Persepolis: 2560–2580. The London Magazine. Available online: https://thelondonmagazine.org/review-mohammad-ghazali-persepolis-2560-2580-by-celia-bailey/ (accessed on 16 December 2022). Mitchell, William John Thomas, ed. 2002. Landscape and Power. Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press. [ Google Scholar] knowledge of at least one additional language for freelance interpreting, and two or more for a staff position in conference interpretingBal, Mieke. 2010. Of What One Cannot Speak: Doris Salcedo’s Political Aer. Chicago: Chicago University of Chicago Press. [ Google Scholar] ISO. 2019. ISO 20539:2019 Translation, Interpreting and Related Technology – Vocabulary. Geneva: International Organization for Standardization. [Google Scholar] Kade, Otto. 1968. Zufall und Gesetzmäßigkeit in der Übersetzung. Leipzig: Verlag Enzyklopädie. [Google Scholar] Keshmirshekan, Hamid. 2010. The Question of Identity vis-á-vis Exoticism in Contemporary Iranian Art. Iranian Studies 43: 489–512. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef]

Depending on the field you want to go into, you might need some specialized training and certification. For instance, there are often training programs, certificates, and continuing education required for court and medical interpreters via associations like the American Translators Association, the National Association of Judiciary Interpreters, Certification Commission for Healthcare Interpreters and National Board of Certification for Medical Interpreters. You’ll probably need some non-official experience in your specialized role, too, as well as familiarity with the language and culture you’ll be interfacing with.Mindful that defining interpreting as “Translation” (translational activity) exposes interpreting scholars, in a productive sense, to advances in conceptualizing the superordinate concept, I have explored two far-reaching deductive proposals – Marais’s ( Citation2019) biosemiotic theory based on Peircean semiotics and Greco’s ( Citation2018) universalist conception of (media) accessibility grounded in human rights. Neither theoretical framework has much regard for interpreting “as we know it”, which appears peripheral and tends to become displaced by “translation” and “access(ibility)”. In line with the options provided by Peircean usage as discussed in Marais ( Citation2019), I have suggested repositioning interpreting in the broader theoretical framework and foregrounding “translation” to denote the basic-level concept of communication-enabling or access services, while ultimately reaffirming the place of “interpreting” in the terminology of translation studies. Cannon JP, Homburg C (2001) Buyer-supplier relationships and customer firm costs. J Mark 65(1):29–43 Further, the report found that 44% of all academies reported no timetabled RE Greco, Gian Maria. 2018. “The Nature of Accessibility Studies.” Journal of Audiovisual Translation 1 ( 1): 205–232. doi:10.47476/jat.v1i1.51. [Crossref] , [Google Scholar] As evident from my title, I see a need for rethinking and redefining the concept of interpreting. This need arises from the emergence of new social practices that are regarded or designated by some as “interpreting” but deviate from some of the concept’s defining characteristics. As some of these novel professional practices are made possible by advances in digital technology, such reconceptualization also involves the nature of human agency and meaning-making. To conduct this rethinking in a particularly broad and innovative theoretical framework, I have chosen to engage with two recent proposals that decidedly transcend commonly accepted conceptual boundaries in translation studies: the biosemiotic theory put forward by Kobus Marais ( Citation2019) on the basis of Peircean semiotics and Gian Maria Greco’s ( Citation2018) universalist conception of accessibility grounded in human rights.