secret war. Rocca first used his secret Gladio army to bomb the offices of the DCI and the offices of a few daily newspapers and thereafter blamed the terror on the Lasoen, Kenneth (2020). Geheim België. Geschiedenis van de inlichtingendiensten, 1830-2020 (in Dutch). Tielt: Uitgeverij Lannoo. ISBN 978-94-014-5819-1. a b Parlementaire Commissie (1991). "Verslag van het parlementair onderzoek met betrekking tot het bestaan in België van een clandestien internationaal inlichtingennetwerk" (PDF) (in French and Dutch). Belgian Senate. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 18, 2020 . Retrieved 2007-08-01. Andreas Anton, Michael Schetsche, Michael K. Walter Konspiration p. 175, Springer VS 2014, ISBN 978-3-531-19324-3 The network was supported with elements from SDECE, and had military support from the 11th Choc regiment. The former director of DGSE, Admiral Pierre Lacoste, alleged in a 1992 interview with The Nation, that certain elements from the network were involved in terrorist activities against de Gaulle and his Algerian policy. A section of the 11th Choc regiment split over the 1962 Évian peace accords, and became part of the Organisation armée secrète (OAS), but it is unclear if this also involved members of the French stay-behind network. [41] [42]

Operation Gladio: The Unholy Alliance between the Vatican Operation Gladio: The Unholy Alliance between the Vatican

A network of resistance fighters was formed across Britain and arms caches were established. The network was recruited, in part, from the 5th (Ski) Battalion of the Scots Guards (which had originally been formed, but was not deployed, to fight alongside Finnish forces fighting the Soviet invasion of Finland). [10] The network, which became known as the Auxiliary Units, was headed by Major Colin Gubbins – an expert in guerrilla warfare (who would later lead SOE). The units were trained, in part, by "Mad Mike" Calvert, a Royal Engineers officer who specialised in demolition by explosives and covert raiding operations. To the extent that they were publicly visible, the Auxiliary Units were disguised as Home Guard units, under GHQ Home Forces. The network was allegedly disbanded in 1944; some of its members subsequently joined the Special Air Service and saw action in North-West Europe. The clandestine structure was divided into 40 operative cells: six espionage, 10 sabotage, six propaganda, six evasion and escape, and 12 guerrilla units. The rapid response cell was further subdivided into five units, each of which was identified by a code name: Alpine Star, Marine Star, Rhododendron, Azalea, Broom flower.a b c d "Secret Gladio Network Planted Weapons Caches in NATO Countries". AP News Archive. 13 November 1990 . Retrieved 20 February 2015. The secret services to which Gladio was anchored were profoundly reformed three times in these years: SIFAR became the SID in 1966, and in 1977 SISDE and SISMI were created. 6 Italian intelligence agencies have had to be reshuffled multiple times because of their overreach. For example, General Vito Miceli, the ex-head of the SID (Servizio Informazioni di Difesa) was arrested in 1974 for his involvement a botched right-wing coup in 1970 (the Golpe Borghese). that upon his signal they were to 'occupy government offices, the most important communication centres, the headquarters of the leftist parties and the seats of the Interior Minister Franz Olah set up a new secret army codenamed Österreichischer Wander-, Sport- und Geselligkeitsverein (OeWSGV, literally " Austrian Association of Hiking, Sports and Society"), with the cooperation of MI6 and the CIA. He later explained that "we bought cars under this name. We installed communication centres in several regions of Austria", confirming that "special units were trained in the use of weapons and plastic explosives". He stated that "there must have been a couple of thousand people working for us... Only very, very highly positioned politicians and some members of the union knew about it". [65]

Operation Gladio - Hard Evidence of Government False Flag Operation Gladio - Hard Evidence of Government False Flag

More specifically the parliamentary inquiry concerning militia-activity (1980) and combatting serious crime and terrorism (1988), ( more). The dissolved SDRA-8 had been replaced by the "Commandement territorial interforces" (CTI), a military intelligence agency organized by provinces and essentially composed of about a thousand reserve officers. Its goal was to infiltrate civil society and find informants, with the mission to be especially concerned by the "immigrant communities which represented a permanent clandestine threat". According to Le Soir, if the CTI is not closely linked to the military agency Service Général du Renseignement et de la Sécurité (SGRS), then it is "nothing else than a new structure of military intelligence... particularly suspicious of anything that is foreign to it". [23] [24] [25] It was only then, in June 1959, and in concert with American services that SIFAR (‘R’ Office – SAD section) released their first organic report on the progress made to that point. This was sent to the new Chief of the Defence Staff, General Aldo Rossi. Primarily, the report summarised the goals of the structure: Gladio was created in the eventuality that NATO declared an emergency “caused by internal subversion or military invasion.” On May 7, 1952, General Broccoli traveled to Paris in the company of Colonel Santini, mentioned earlier. The decision not to join the CPC was relayed to allies. Confirming the judgment that had already been formed on the occasion of British offers of collaboration, SIFAR thus began a long road of exclusive ties with American intelligence services, refusing any type of multilateral agreement with other NATO powers.

Mailing Address

The stated goal of the network was to protect Italian territory and citizens if they “came to know occupation and subversion”. A ‘long-armed’ mechanism with great reach was envisaged to encourage the liberation of territory and to “reestablish legal control and legitimate institutions.” Guillaume, Alain (July 31, 1996). "UN CONCEPT RACISTE POUR LA DEFENSE MILITAIRE DU TERRITOIRE L'ARMEE FAIT -PARTIELLEMENT- AMENDE HONORABLE". Le Soir (in French). Archived from the original on May 18, 2020. The training courses in the United Kingdom had already been scheduled; they were to begin on the 15th of November 1951 and conclude on February 12th, 1952. This collaboration was nevertheless to be considered as a “limited contribution in time and scope,” having instead to privilege more stable and solid ties with American intelligence. Both military intelligence and Staatsveiligheid maintained dossiers on Gladio training activities, of which incomplete versions were made available to the parliamentary committee. Events from the list of operations by the military branch was provided by Coëme and is denoted by A, while events from the list from the archives of the Staatsveiligheid (titled " Overzicht oefeningen in het kader ACC – periode 1980-1990") is denoted by B: S.T.C/Mob. was renamed on November 1, 1990 to D.15, but most sources keep referring to its old name.

Stay-behind’ forces during the Cold War Eyes on target: ‘Stay-behind’ forces during the Cold War

Schwarzer Schatten". Der Spiegel (in German) (50): 194b–200a. 10 December 1990 . Retrieved 28 October 2008. [ verification needed] a b c "Misinformation about 'Gladio/Stay Behind' Networks Resurfaces". United States Department of State. Archived from the original on 28 March 2008. Civilians recruited as stay-behind partisans were equipped with a clandestine shortwave radio homed in on a fixed frequency. It had a keyboard with digital encryption, making use of traditional Morse code obsolete. They had a cache of further equipment for signalling helicopters or submarines to drop special agents who were to stay in the partisan's homes while mounting sabotage operations against the communists. Jongeren vinden wapenarsenaal van geheime dienst" (PDF). Mijngelderlandmedia.azureedge.net. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 June 2023 . Retrieved 5 March 2022. Note interne de la BSR". resistances.be (in French). Archived from the original on Dec 15, 2018. {{ cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( link)Indicios de que la red Gladio utilizó una vieja estación de la NASA en Gran Canaria, El País, November 26, 1990 (in Spanish) Most sensitively the Belgian parliamentarians discovered that the secret NATO army was still active. They found that a secret meeting of Generals directing the secret stay-behind armies in the numerous countries in Western Europe had been held in the secret NATO-linked Gladio headquarters ACC as recently as October 23 and 24, 1990. The meeting of the ACC had taken place in Brussels under the chairmanship of General Raymond Van Calster, chief of the Belgian military secret service SGR ( Service General de Renseignement). [6] The 'reason for so great secrecy was altogether clear', the official CIA history records, for 'there were citizens of this country at that time who would have been aghast if they had learned of NSC 4-A'. Secret Warfare: Operation Gladio and NATO's Stay-Behind Armies". Parallel History Project. October 2016. Kwitny, Jonathan (6 April 1992). "The C.I.A.'s Secret Armies in Europe". The Nation. pp.446–447. Archived from the original on 11 October 2007. Quoted in Ganser's "Terrorism in Western Europe". [ dead link]