a b c Diem, K.; Lentner, C. (1970). "Faeces". in: Scientific Tables (Seventhed.). Basle, Switzerland: CIBA-GEIGY Ltd. pp.657–660. The Harappans and the Minoans were probably the first people who really flushed, albeit without metal levers attached to gleaming white bowls. This approach worked for twenty-something-thousand inhabitants pooping on some 300 acres, but cities were going to grow much bigger than that. The Romans and the Cloaca Massima The album was recorded in a studio but produced to sound "live" by adding crowd noises, banter with the fictitious audience, and even a song stopping because the venue supposedly had received a bomb threat. This was done to simulate the controversy the band faced during the European leg of their Slow, Deep and Hard tour. The band is known among fans for weaving this type of humour into their often gloomy music. So the smells of CAFOs are smells of modern industrial agriculture, different from manure in both quality and significance. They’re still organic, manifestations of the basic workings of living things, but they’re the smells of a rupture in the system that in nature and traditional agriculture returned matter and energy from the soil to the soil. They’re the smells of organic matter and energy isolated and withheld from the broad cycle of life on Earth.

KATHLEEN DAVIS: You recently studied a problem that apparently plagues coprolite researchers. Human coprolites can be confused with those from other species. How does that happen? This cookie, set by YouTube, registers a unique ID to store data on what videos from YouTube the user has seen.If there’s one thing we have in common with our ancestors, it’s that they were just as dismayed with their excrement as we are with ours. Even our Neolithic ancestors wanted nothing to do with their shit. Some dug pits away from their dwellings or in the middle of their fields. Some designated “bathroom spaces” outside the village, or behind the bushes, or underneath the trees. Some went out to the riverbanks, letting the excrement get carried away by water—possibly to the dismay of the villagers living downstream. For as long as the settlements were small, those methods worked. But as the little villages burgeoned into cities and their populations grew, while the surrounding fields and forests shrank, all that shit really began to stink. So, as humanity grew, the sewage systems began to grow, too. The Bronze Age Plumbers KATHLEEN DAVIS: These ancient poops are called coprolites. And they’re pretty rare. The origins might be less than glamorous, but each one is a gold mine of information about who left it behind. And that’s because coprolites are a snapshot of the microbiome from which they came. Some researchers say studying these ancient records of diet and bacteria that helped us learn about modern problems like lactose intolerance and inflammation.

This cookie is set by the provider Akamai Bot Manager. This cookie is used to manage the interaction with the online bots. It also helps in fraud preventions Dung Throwing contests". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from the original on 11 October 2007. Dog feces was used in the tanning process of leather during the Victorian era. Collected dog feces, known as "pure", "puer", or "pewer", [25] were mixed with water to form a substance known as "bate", because proteolytic enzymes in the dog feces helped to relax the fibrous structure of the hide before the final stages of tanning. [26] Dog feces collectors were known as pure finders. [27]So part of this study was coming up with a systematic way of separating those so that we could focus on the human feces and understand this evolutionary process. But then, it also gave us a new window into dogs, which are some of our oldest friends. And how they have adapted and lived alongside us over the same period of time. CHRISTINA WARINNER: Yeah, so coprolites are fantastic in terms of the range of information you can get from them, but they’re rare. So we can only really access particular places and times in the past. What’s really exciting about looking at calcified dental plaque, or calculus, is that nearly every skeleton has it. And so this really opens up the entire archaeological record for us to investigate the past. Ramachandran, Smriti Kak (19 March 2015). "Cow dung, urine can cure cancer: BJP MP". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 1 October 2019 . Retrieved 17 September 2019. Harhangi, HR; Le Roy, M; van Alen, T; Hu, BL; Groen, J; Kartal, B; Tringe, SG; Quan, ZX; Jetten, MS; Op; den Camp, HJ (2012). "Hydrazine synthase, a unique phylomarker with which to study the presence and biodiversity of anammox bacteria". Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 78 (3): 752–8. Bibcode: 2012ApEnM..78..752H. doi: 10.1128/AEM.07113-11. PMC 3264106. PMID 22138989.

The ability to accurately identify the source of archaeological feces enables the direct investigation of changes in the structure and function of the human gut microbiome throughout time, which researchers hope will provide insights into food intolerances and a host of other issues in human health. “Identifying human coprolites should be the first step for ancient human microbiome analysis,” says the study’s first author, Maxime Borry. In another instance of the band's sense of humor, circus impresario P. T. Barnum is credited as a co-producer for the record, despite the fact that he had been dead for over 100 years at the time the album was released. Goldman, Jason G. "Why do humans hate poo so much?". BBC. Archived from the original on 31 March 2019 . Retrieved 8 April 2020.Ghassemi KA, Jensen DM. Lower GI bleeding: epidemiology and management. Curr Gastroenterol Rep. 2013;15(7):333. doi:10.1007/s11894-013-0333-5