The Wingless Bird

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Moa filled the ecological niche occupied in other countries by large browsing mammals such as antelope and llamas. [42] Some biologists contend that a number of plant species evolved to avoid moa browsing. [42] Divaracating plants such as Pennantia corymbosa (the kaikōmako), which have small leaves and a dense mesh of branches, and Pseudopanax crassifolius (the horoeka or lancewood), which has tough juvenile leaves, are possible examples of plants that evolved in such a way. An articulated foot of a male D. giganteus with skin and foot pads preserved, found in a crevice on the Knobby Range in 1874 [76] (currently held by Otago Museum)

It doesn’t go well – she tries to say that it doesn’t matter because he’s the same person on the inside, and he emphatically explains he is no such thing, and everyone parts feeling completely awkward and unhappy. It’s as realistic as Cookson gets, but it’s not what you’d call a fun scene. Baker, Allan J.; Huynen, Leon J.; Haddrath, Oliver; Millar, Craig D.; Lambert, David M. (2005). "Reconstructing the tempo and mode of evolution in an extinct clade of birds with ancient DNA: The giant moas of New Zealand". PNAS. 102 (23): 8257–8262. Bibcode: 2005PNAS..102.8257B. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0409435102. PMC 1149408. PMID 15928096. Advance: Philanthropy at Newcastle University" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 June 2011 . Retrieved 5 April 2023.Things seem to be quieting down until Duncan gets consumption from living in the damp garrett he moved into to spite his parents. (Actually happens.) Agnes treats him well, and wins his parents’ grudging respect about being totally boss, so they get to be engaged, but eventually Duncan has to go live with a nice family on a farm. Bunce, Michael; Worthy, Trevor; Ford, Tom; Hoppitt, Will; Willerslev, Eske; Drummond, Alexei; Cooper, Alan (2003). "Extreme reversed sexual size dimorphism in the extinct New Zealand moa Dinornis" (PDF). Nature. 425 (6954): 172–175. Bibcode: 2003Natur.425..172B. doi: 10.1038/nature01871. PMID 12968178. S2CID 1515413. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 January 2019.

Dutton, Dennis (1994). "Skeptics Meet Moa Spotters". New Zealand Skeptics Online. New Zealand: New Zealand Committee for the Scientific Investigation of Claims of the Paranormal. Archived from the original on 8 March 2016 . Retrieved 14 February 2011. In 1983 Katie Mulholland was adapted into a stage musical by composer Eric Boswell and writer-director Ken Hill. Cookson attended the première. [16]a b c Mitchell, K. J.; Llamas, B.; Soubrier, J.; Rawlence, N. J.; Worthy, T. H.; Wood, J.; Lee, M. S.; Cooper, A. (2014). "Ancient DNA reveals elephant birds and kiwi are sister taxa and clarifies ratite bird evolution". Science. 344 (6186): 898–900. Bibcode: 2014Sci...344..898M. doi: 10.1126/science.1251981. hdl: 2328/35953. PMID 24855267. S2CID 206555952.

a b c d e "16 facts about Dame Catherine Cookson on her 110th birthday". Shields Gazette. 27 June 2016. Archived from the original on 29 June 2018. In penguins, wings structure is maintained for use in locomotion underwater. [27] Penguins evolved their wing structure to become more efficient underwater at the cost of their efficiency in the air. [28]The earliest moa remains come from the Miocene Saint Bathans Fauna. Known from multiple eggshells and hind limb elements, these represent at least two already fairly large-sized species. [26] Classification [ edit ] Taxonomy [ edit ] Anomalopteryx didiformis skeleton Fossil skeleton of the heavy-footed moa ( Pachyornis elephantopus) Before the arrival of humans, the moa's only predator was the massive Haast's eagle. New Zealand had been isolated for 80 million years and had few predators before human arrival, meaning that not only were its ecosystems extremely vulnerable to perturbation by outside species, but also the native species were ill-equipped to cope with human predators. [51] [52] Polynesians arrived sometime before 1300, and all moa genera were soon driven to extinction by hunting and, to a lesser extent, by habitat reduction due to forest clearance. By 1445, all moa had become extinct, along with Haast's eagle, which had relied on them for food. Recent research using carbon-14 dating of middens strongly suggests that the events leading to extinction took less than a hundred years, [53] rather than a period of exploitation lasting several hundred years as previously hypothesised.

Allentoft, Morten; Rawlence, Nicolas (2012). "Moa's ark or volant ghosts of Gondwana? Insights from nineteen years of ancient DNA research on the extinct moa (Aves: Dinornithiformes) of New Zealand" (PDF). Annals of Anatomy. 194 (1): 36–51. doi: 10.1016/j.aanat.2011.04.002. PMID 21596537. Family Emeidae (Bonaparte 1854) [Emeinae Bonaparte 1854; Anomalopterygidae Oliver 1930; Anomalapteryginae Archey 1941] (lesser moa)Owen puzzled over the fragment for almost four years. He established it was part of the femur of a big animal, but it was uncharacteristically light and honeycombed. Owen announced to a skeptical scientific community and the world that it was from a giant extinct bird like an ostrich, and named it Dinornis. His deduction was ridiculed in some quarters, but was proved correct with the subsequent discoveries of considerable quantities of moa bones throughout the country, sufficient to reconstruct skeletons of the birds. [54]