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The canon-obusier [shell gun] originally constructed by Colonel Paixhans for the French Naval Service... was subsequently designated the canon-obusier of 80, No 1 of 1841... the diameter of the bore is 22 centimetres (8.65 inches)." From Douglas, Sir Howard, A Treatise on Naval Gunnery 1855 (Conway Maritime Press, 1982; reprinting 1855 edition), p. 201 ISBN 0-85177-275-7. The British undertook trials with shell guns at HMS Excellent starting in 1832. A Treatise on Naval Gunnery 1855, p. 198. As early as 1914, the British Admiral Percy Scott predicted that battleships would soon be made irrelevant by aircraft. [60] By the end of World War I, aircraft had successfully adopted the torpedo as a weapon. [61] In 1921 the Italian general and air theorist Giulio Douhet completed a hugely influential treatise on strategic bombing titled The Command of the Air, which foresaw the dominance of air power over naval units. As parents, we all know how dangerous and distracting that can be when your are driving. Having this battleship game on paper printable ready to go in these very situations will help keep the peace and avoid many stressful situations. The Military Balance 2010. Routledge for The International Institute for Strategic Studies. 2010. ISBN 978-1857435573– via Google Books.

Herwig, Holger (1980). Luxury Fleet, The Imperial German Navy 1888–1918. Ashfield Press. ISBN 978-0-948660-03-0. The term "battleship" was officially adopted by the Royal Navy in the re-classification of 1892. By the 1890s, there was an increasing similarity between battleship designs, and the type that later became known as the 'pre-dreadnought battleship' emerged. These were heavily armored ships, mounting a mixed battery of guns in turrets, and without sails. The typical first-class battleship of the pre-dreadnought era displaced 15,000 to 17,000 tons, had a speed of 16 knots (30km/h), and an armament of four 12-inch (305mm) guns in two turrets fore and aft with a mixed-caliber secondary battery amidships around the superstructure. [1] An early design with superficial similarity to the pre-dreadnought is the British Devastation class of 1871. [28] [29] Indiana (BB-1)". Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. Navy Department, Naval History and Heritage Command . Retrieved 13 January 2017. Battleship Cove: Exhibits". USS Massachusetts Memorial Committee. Archived from the original on April 2, 2013 . Retrieved April 21, 2013. Even as the Navy was in the process of building up its fleet of modern battleships, it began development of the Iowa-class, which improved upon the earlier South Dakota-class, with more powerful engines and longer-caliber guns that offered far greater range. More importantly, the Iowa-class was truly designed as “fast” battleships that mixed speed and firepower and this enabled it to travel with a carrier force. Capable of reaching speeds of up to 33 knots, they were fast moving, while heavily armed with nine 16-inch guns and 10 twin five-inch guns. Like all battleships, the Iowa-class carried heavy armor protection against shellfire and bombs, as well as underwater protection against torpedoes.Corbett, Sir Julian. "Maritime Operations in the Russo-Japanese War 1904–1905." Volume II (2015) Originally published in October 1915. Naval Institute Press ISBN 978-1-59114-198-3 New battle ship launched; the Massachusetts floated in the broad Delaware" (PDF). The New York Times. 10 June 1893 . Retrieved 4 June 2010. Oregon (BB-3)". Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. Navy Department, Naval History and Heritage Command . Retrieved 15 September 2016. Kriegsmarine: scuttled its two surviving Deutschland-class battleships in 1945, during the closing months of World War II. Navy of the Ukrainian People's Republic: lost its entire navy upon its conquest by the Bolsheviks in 1921.

Next came the twelve Standards, beginning with BB-36 Nevada, commissioned over the period 1914 to 1920. The last ship commissioned was BB-48 West Virginia (BB-49 through 54 were also Standards, but were never commissioned, and scrapped under the Washington Naval Treaty). Oklahoma (BB-37) was the last American battleship commissioned with triple expansion machinery; all the other Standards used either geared steam turbines ( Nevada, the Pennsylvania class, Idaho and Mississippi) or turbo-electric propulsion ( New Mexico, the Tennessee and Colorado classes). The Standards were a group of ships with four turrets, oil fuel, a 21-knot (39km/h; 24mph) top speed, a 700-yard (640m) tactical diameter at top speed, and heavy armor distributed on the "All or Nothing" principle. Armament was fairly consistent, starting with ten 14-inch guns in the Nevada class, twelve in the Pennsylvania, New Mexico and Tennessee classes, and eight 16-inch (406mm) guns in the Colorado class. Admiral Vittorio Cuniberti, the Italian Navy's chief naval architect, articulated the concept of an all-big-gun battleship in 1903. When the Regia Marina did not pursue his ideas, Cuniberti wrote an article in Jane 's proposing an "ideal" future British battleship, a large armored warship of 17,000tons, armed solely with a single calibre main battery (twelve 12-inch [305mm] guns), carrying 300-millimetre (12in) belt armor, and capable of 24 knots (44km/h). [36]Gibbons, Tony (1983). The Complete Encyclopedia of Battleships and Battlecruisers– A Technical Directory of all the World's Capital Ships from 1860 to the Present Day. London: Salamander Books Ltd. p.272. ISBN 978-0-517-37810-6.

Preston, Antony (Foreword) (1989). Jane's Fighting Ships of World War II. London, UK: Random House Ltd. p.320. ISBN 978-1-85170-494-1. Operation 'Crossroads'– the Bikini A-bomb tests, in Ireland, Bernard (1996). Jane's Battleships of the 20th Century. New York: HarperCollins. pp.186–87. ISBN 978-0-00-470997-0. As part of Navy Secretary John F. Lehman's effort to build a 600-ship Navy in the 1980s, and in response to the commissioning of Kirov by the Soviet Union, the United States recommissioned all four Iowa-class battleships. On several occasions, battleships were support ships in carrier battle groups, or led their own battleship battle group. These were modernized to carry Tomahawk (TLAM) missiles, with New Jersey seeing action bombarding Lebanon in 1983 and 1984, while Missouri and Wisconsin fired their 16-inch (406mm) guns at land targets and launched missiles during Operation Desert Storm in 1991. Wisconsin served as the TLAM strike commander for the Persian Gulf, directing the sequence of launches that marked the opening of Desert Storm, firing a total of 24 TLAMs during the first two days of the campaign. The primary threat to the battleships were Iraqi shore-based surface-to-surface missiles; Missouri was targeted by two Iraqi Silkworm missiles, with one missing and another being intercepted by the British destroyer HMS Gloucester. [90] End of the battleship era [ edit ] The American Texas (1912) is the only preserved example of a Dreadnought-type battleship that dates to the time of the original HMS Dreadnought. Greger, René (1993). Schlachtschiffe der Welt (in German). Stuttgart: Motorbuch Verlag. p.260. ISBN 978-3-613-01459-6.Taylor, A. J. P. (Red.); etal. (1975). 1900-talet: Vår tids historia i ord och bild; Part 12 (in Swedish). Helsingborg: Bokfrämjandet. p.159. Appel, Erik; etal. (2001). Finland i krig 1939–1940– första delen (in Swedish). Espoo, Finland: Schildts förlag Ab. p.261. ISBN 978-951-50-1182-4.