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Dan Nosowitz (5 June 2015). "America's First Certified Organic E-Cigarette Vaping Liquid Is Here". Modern Farmer. E-cigarette vapor potentially contains harmful chemicals not found in tobacco smoke. [90] The majority of toxic chemicals found in cigarette smoke are absent in e-cigarette vapor. [187] E-cigarette vapor contains lower concentrations of potentially toxic chemicals than with cigarette smoke. [188] Those which are present, are mostly below 1% of the corresponding levels permissible by workplace safety standards. [96] But workplace safety standards do not recognize exposure to certain vulnerable groups such as people with medical ailments, children, and infants who may be exposed to second-hand vapor. [83] Other motivations include reduced odor and fewer stains. [58] E-cigarettes also appeal to technophiles who enjoy customizing their devices. [58] Gateway theory Baenziger, Olivia; Ford, Laura; Yazidjoglou, Amelia; Joshy, Grace; Banks, Emily (2021). "E-cigarette use and combustible tobacco cigarette smoking uptake among non-smokers, including relapse in former smokers: umbrella review, systematic review and meta-analysis". BMJ Open. 11 (3): e045603. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-045603. ISSN 2044-6055. PMC 8011717. PMID 33785493. David, Grégory; Parmentier, Evelyne A.; Taurino, Irene; Signorell, Ruth (December 2020). "Tracing the composition of single e-cigarette aerosol droplets in situ by laser-trapping and Raman scattering". Scientific Reports. 10 (1): 7929. Bibcode: 2020NatSR..10.7929D. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-64886-5. PMC 7220912. PMID 32404884.
a b c d Cheng, T. (2014). "Chemical evaluation of electronic cigarettes". Tobacco Control. 23 (Supplement 2): ii11–ii17. doi: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2013-051482. ISSN 0964-4563. PMC 3995255. PMID 24732157. Consumers have shown passionate support for e-cigarettes that other nicotine replacement products did not receive. [119] They have a mass appeal that could challenge combustible tobacco's market position. [119]
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There is low quality evidence that vaping assists smokers to quit smoking in the long-term compared with nicotine-free vaping. [162] Nicotine-containing e-cigarettes were associated with greater effectiveness for quitting smoking than e-cigarettes without nicotine. [163] A 2013 study in smokers who were not trying to quit, found that vaping, with or without nicotine decreased the number of cigarettes consumed. [164] E-cigarettes without nicotine may reduce tobacco cravings because of the smoking-related physical stimuli. [118]
a b c England, Lucinda J.; Bunnell, Rebecca E.; Pechacek, Terry F.; Tong, Van T.; McAfee, Tim A. (2015). "Nicotine and the Developing Human". American Journal of Preventive Medicine. 49 (2): 286–93. doi: 10.1016/j.amepre.2015.01.015. ISSN 0749-3797. PMC 4594223. PMID 25794473.Data from two states in the Pregnancy Risk Assessment System (PRAMS) show that in 2015—roughly the mid-point of the study period—10.8% of the sample used e-cigarettes in the three months prior to the pregnancy while 7.0%, 5.8%, and 1.4% used these products at the time of the pregnancy, in the first trimester, and at birth respectively. [106] According to National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) data from 2014 to 2017, 38.9% of pregnant smokers used e-cigarettes compared to only 13.5% of non-pregnant, reproductive age women smokers. [107] A health economic study found that passing an e-cigarette minimum legal sale age law in the United States increased teenage prenatal smoking by 0.6 percentage points and had no effect on birth outcomes. [108] Nevertheless, additional research needs to be done on the health effects of electronic cigarette use during pregnancy. [109]
a b Farsalinos KE; Spyrou A; Tsimopoulou K; Stefopoulos C; Romagna G; Voudris V (2014). "Nicotine absorption from electronic cigarette use: Comparison between first and new-generation devices". Scientific Reports. 4: 4133. Bibcode: 2014NatSR...4E4133F. doi: 10.1038/srep04133. PMC 3935206. PMID 24569565. The British Royal College of Midwives states: "While vaping devices such as electronic cigarettes (e-cigs) do contain some toxins, they are at far lower levels than found in tobacco smoke. If a pregnant woman who has been smoking chooses to use an e-cig and it helps her to quit smoking and stay smokefree, she should be supported to do so." Based on the available evidence on e-cigarette safety, there was also "no reason to believe that use of an e-cig has any adverse effect on breastfeeding." The statement went on to say, "vaping should continue, if it is helpful to quitting smoking and staying smokefree". The UK National Health Service says: "If using an e-cigarette helps you to stop smoking, it is much safer for you and your baby than continuing to smoke." Many women who vape continue to do so during pregnancy because of the perceived safety of e-cigarettes compared to tobacco. [105] United States The American Association of Public Health Physicians (AAPHP) suggests those who are unwilling to quit tobacco smoking or unable to quit with medical advice and pharmaceutical methods should consider other nicotine-containing products such as e-cigarettes and smokeless tobacco for long-term use instead of smoking. [134] A 2014 WHO report concluded that some smokers will switch completely to e-cigarettes from traditional tobacco but a "sizeable" number will use both. [61] This report found that such "dual-use" of e-cigarettes and tobacco "will have much smaller beneficial effects on overall survival compared with quitting smoking completely." [61] Smoking cessation The potential adverse effects such as normalizing smoking have not been adequately studied. [158] While some surveys reported improved quitting smoking, particularly with intensive e-cigarette users, several studies showed a decline in quitting smoking in dual users of cigarettes and e-cigarettes. [3] Compared to many alternative quitting smoking medicines in early development in clinical trials including e-cigarettes, cytisine may be the most encouraging in efficacy and safety with an inexpensive price. [159] Other kinds of nicotine replacement products are usually covered by health systems, but because e-cigarettes are not medically licensed they are not covered. [157] A popular vaporizer named Juul was widely used by American young people until 2022, when the FDA banned its products from sale. [111] [112] Close to 80% of respondents in a 2017 Truth Initiative study aged 15–24 reported using Juul also used the device in the last 30 days. [113] In the 2010s, US teenagers used the verb "Juuling" to describe vaping, [114] and Juuling was the subject of widespread memes on social media. [115] Harm reduction Effects of vaping, compared to tobacco smoking [116]
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One of the challenges in studying e-cigarettes is that there are hundreds of brands and models of e-cigarettes sold that vary in the design and operation of the devices and composition of the liquid, and the technology continues to change. [160] E-cigarettes have not been subjected to the same type of efficacy testing as nicotine replacement products. [161] There are also social concerns - use of e-cigarettes may normalize tobacco use and prolong cigarette use for people who could have quit instead, or it could put extra pressure on smokers to stop cigarette smoking because e-cigarettes are a more socially acceptable alternative. [124] The evidence indicates smokers are more frequently able to completely quit smoking using tank devices compared to cigalikes, which may be due to their more efficient nicotine delivery. [162] Favor cigarettes were sold in California and several Southwestern states, marketed as "an alternative to smokers, and only to smokers, to use where smoking is unacceptable or prohibited." [255] In 1987 the FDA exercised jurisdiction over products analogous to E-Cigarettes. [256] Advanced Tobacco Products never challenged the Warning Letter and ceased all distribution of Favor. [257] Rays's wife Brenda Coffee coined the term vaping. [258] Philip Morris' division NuMark, launched in 2013 the MarkTen e-cigarette that Philip Morris had been working on since 1990. [242] Modern electronic cigarette: 2000s Dautzenberg, B.; Adler, M.; Garelik, D.; Loubrieu, J.F.; Mathern, G.; Peiffer, G.; Perriot, J.; Rouquet, R.M.; Schmitt, A.; Underner, M.; Urban, T. (2017). "Practical guidelines on e-cigarettes for practitioners and others health professionals. A French 2016 expert's statement". Revue des Maladies Respiratoires. 34 (2): 155–164. doi: 10.1016/j.rmr.2017.0 The health risks of e-cigarettes are not known for certain, but the risk of serious adverse events is thought to be low, [94] [21] and e-cigarettes are likely safer than combusted tobacco products. [note 5] [89] [96] However, this does not mean that e-cigarettes are harmless. E-cigarette use is associated with increased risk of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, [97] chronic bronchitis, and emphysema. Those who use e-cigarettes daily have higher risk than those who use them occasionally. [98] According to the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, "Laboratory tests of e-cigarette ingredients, in vitro toxicological tests, and short-term human studies suggest that e-cigarettes are likely to be far less harmful than combustible tobacco cigarettes." [11] Randomized controlled trials provide "high-certainty" evidence e-cigarette containing nicotine are more effective than nicotine replacement therapy for discontinuing tobacco smoking, and moderate‐certainty evidence that they are more effective than e-cigarettes free of nicotine. [22] [note 6]
Linda Bauld; Kathryn Angus; Marisa de Andrade (May 2014). "E-cigarette uptake and marketing" (PDF). Public Health England. UK. pp.1–19. University of Pennsylvania communications professor Joseph Cappella stated that the setting of the advertisement near an ocean was meant to suggest an association of clean air with the nicotine product. [279] In 2012 and 2013, e-cigarette companies advertised to a large television audience in the US which included 24 million young people. [355] The channels to which e-cigarette advertising reached the largest numbers of young people (ages 12–17) were AMC, Country Music Television, Comedy Central, WGN America, TV Land, and VH1. [355] From 2011 to 2014, e-cigarette use among young people in the US was rising as e-cigarette advertising increased. [356] Main article: Usage of electronic cigarettes Popularity Estimated trends in the global number of vapersMiyasato, K. (March 2013). "[Psychiatric and psychological features of nicotine dependence]". Nihon Rinsho. Japanese Journal of Clinical Medicine (in Japanese). 71 (3): 477–481. PMID 23631239. In October 2021, researchers at Johns Hopkins University reported over 2,000 unknown chemicals in the vape clouds that they tested from Vuse, Juul, Blu and Mi-Salt vape devices. [183]
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