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Our preliminary study suggests that the detoxification of Hg 2+ is the immediate result of the GST and merA function as shown in Figure S6. The existence of the glutathione reductase gene in some bacterial mer operons also supports the role of LMW thiols in Hg 2+ detoxification ( Norambuena etal., 2018). The E. coli, together with the integrated merA - GST gene, was able to survive in the high Hg stress environment and transform Hg 2+ to Hg 0 ( Cursino etal., 2000). It is correlated that IOTG may act as Hg(II)-buffering agents and subsequently, Hg 2+ is reduced by merA. In the case of merA, mercuric ion was uptaken by the active process i.e. mer mediated transport (merP and merT) and converted to Hg 0 form by mercuric reductase. On the other hand, the Hg 2+ that was uptaken through the passive process could subsequently be inactivated by GST or conjugated to merA. Thus, an alternative method is proposed via which Hg resistance level may be augmented in bacteria: the sequestering of Hg given a protein-ligand interaction may lead to an improved way for the volatilization process. Conclusions Hg volatilization by bacteria involves the reduction of Hg 2+ via the mer system to Hg 0, which is less toxic. It is appealing from the essential and practical viewpoints that halophilic bacteria can also grow in the presence of a higher amount of Hg and volatilized Hg efficiently similar to the non-halophilic bacteria. The ICP-MS analysis did not detect significant Hg loss in the control sample (without bacteria), which confirms the volatility of Hg being biotic ( Table S2). Thus, our results suggested that halophilic bacteria can also remove the Hg from the growth media, indicating that it may be potentially applied in contaminated environments. The Hg comes into the ocean either through atmospheric deposition or other several natural and active or passive processes. The results of this study imply that the two marine strains of Halomonas sp., isolated from ERIO may have the ability to remove Hg 2+ from the growth medium. Identification of functional groups changed during Hg(II) reduction According to a study performed by Fuchs et al. in 2021, it has been found that, especially in women, the risk has been found to start at moderate alcohol consumption, and alcohol withdrawal has been found to promote the reduction in BP in short-term trials [ 52].Suliga et al., in their cross-sectional study of 12,285 individuals in the age group 37 to 66, described that daily alcohol consumption ranging from 0.1 g to 15 g was inversely related to the development of HTN in women, with an odds ratio of 0.67, 95% confidence interval of 0.59 to 0.75, p-value <0.001 [ 53]. However, in men, this relation was not observed [ 53]. Based on phenotype characteristics, a total of 162 bacterial colonies grown on the ZMA media supplemented with 10 mg/L of Hg as HgCl 2 were selected for further analysis. In the presence of 25 mg/L of Hg 2+, only 63 isolates out of 162 showed resistance. Further, these 63 isolates were characterized based on their growth pattern in the presence of more than 25 mg/L i.e. 50, 75, and 100 mg/L of Hg 2+ concentration. Among the 63 isolates, 21 isolates grew in the presence of 50 mg/L, followed by 9 and 4 isolates at 75 and 100 mg/L of HgCl 2, respectively. The growth pattern of 4 isolates in the presence of HgCl 2 is shown in Figure S1. Briasoulis et al., in their meta-analysis of 16 prospective long-term studies, revealed that alcohol consumption of more than 20 g per day increases the risk of HTN significantly in women, whereas consumption of 31 to 40 g in men significantly increases the risk of HTN [ 54]. Nevertheless, a higher risk of HTN was observed in all individuals who consumed more than 20 g of alcohol per day, irrespective of their gender [ 54]. Ozemek et al. revealed in their study that, in persons who consume alcohol, a reduction to two standard drinks or less daily in men and one drink or less daily in women has been shown to reduce SBP by 4 mm Hg in hypertensive individuals and by 3 mm Hg in normotensive individuals [ 11].
Intermittent fasting (IF) is an effective way to lose weight and thus helps lower blood pressure [ 10]. The mechanism by which IF lowers BP may be due to a brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)-induced increase in parasympathetic activity [ 16]. Increased excretion of norepinephrine and increased sensitivity of insulin and natriuretic peptides also play a role [ 16]. The activation of glutamatergic receptors produces BDNF [ 10]. IF also stimulates the release of BDNF [ 10]. BDNF, in turn, stimulates the cholinergic neurons to release acetylcholine, which via the vagus nerve, controls the cardiac function to the sinoatrial (SA) node, causing a reduction of heart rate [ 17]. Also, blood vessels are expanded by the neurotransmitter, leading to a reduction in BP [ 18]. The pathogenesis of blood pressure lowering by activation of the parasympathetic nervous system involves the role of the cerebrospinal stem in the activation of cholinergic neurons [ 19, 20]. However, cardiovascular health benefits have only been observed to last as long as the IF diet lasted and pressures returned to initial values after the completion of the IF diet [ 21]. Toledo et al. performed a study in Germany in which 1422 participants on the IF diet were followed up for one year [ 16]. These participants had a fasting period of four to 21 days, which involved 200-250 kcal daily meals [ 16]. In participants who fasted for a longer time, a reduction of SBP and DBP was observed [ 16].Science and Technology for Islands, National Institute of Ocean Technology, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Government of India, Chennai, India
The Mediterranean diet (Med Diet) has also helped lower BP. As per the Maine-Syracuse Longitudinal Study conducted in the United States in 2020 by a group of researchers who followed 851 US older adults, for every one unit increase in the Med Diet score in participants, it was found that there was a corresponding reduction of 0.69 units in SBP, a reduction of 0.33 in DBP, and a reduction of 0.45 on mean arterial pressure (MAP) [ 32]. Although this seems to be small, this change can have a noteworthy effect at the level of the population; that is, a decrease of 2 mm Hg in SBP can lead to a decrease of 10% when it comes to the population [ 32]. According to the observational studies conducted in Mediterranean countries, higher adherence to a Med Diet is associated with a decreased risk of cardiovascular disease, overall mortality as well as neoplastic disease [ 33, 34]. The Med Diet consists of higher consumption of extra virgin olive oil, vegetables, fruits, whole grains, nuts, cereals, as well as seeds; moderate consumption of fish, poultry, red wine, and dairy; and lower consumption of processed foods and red meat [ 35]. The following four randomized controlled trials have been conducted to show that exercise helped lower both systolic and diastolic BP in participants: In the meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials conducted by Fagard et al., 72 trials have been conducted with an average of 40 participants per trial, which involved a 16-week study of 40 minutes of exercise sessions three times/week with an average intensity of 65% of heart rate [ 39]. This study showed a decrease in SBP of 6.9 mm Hg and a lowering of DBP of 4.9 mm Hg [ 39]. In 27 randomized controlled trials by Lee et al. with 1842 participants, the exercise regimen involved walking for 26.5 min/day for 4.4 days/week for a mean of 19 weeks [ 40]. This study shows that there is a larger effect with more intense and frequent exercise regimens for a longer duration [ 40]. There was a mean decrease in SBP of 5.2 to 11 mm Hg and in DBP of 3.8 to 7.7 mm Hg [ 40]. In the meta-analysis of randomized control trials performed by Cornelissen et al., 15 trials with 633 participants involving the exercise of 30-60 min, two to five times/week, at 50% to 75% HR reserve for six to 52 weeks showed a daytime decrease in SBP of 3.2 mm Hg and in DBP of 2.7 mm Hg [ 41]. However, no blood pressure reduction was seen at night [ 42]. The meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials performed by Cornelissen and Smart included 105 trials with 3957 participants [ 42]. This study concluded that moderate aerobic exercise involving walking and jogging for 30 to 60 min/session three to five times/week for four to 52 weeks showed a reduction in SBP of 3.5 mm Hg and in DBP of 2.5 mm Hg [ 42]. Gajendra Joshi 1* Pankaj Verma 2 Balakrishnan Meena 1 Prasun Goswami 1† D Magesh Peter 2 Dilip Kumar Jha 2 Nambali Valsalan Vinithkumar 1 Gopal Dharani 2 Patients can find it increasingly difficult to maintain long-term dietary changes like low caloric intake, low salt intake, and limiting processed foods, which in turn may lead to a shift towards preintervention practices in some individuals, for example, increased calorie intake [ 28]. This implies the need for interventions to focus on ways to help patients maintain healthy dietary patterns [ 28].
According to the American College of Cardiology, a BP higher than 180/120 mm Hg is considered a hypertensive emergency or crisis. Patients with these blood pressures need emergency medical help. Untreated high BP may increase the risk of myocardial infarction, stroke, and other serious complications. Monitoring BP every two years, starting at age 18, is important to diagnose and treat hypertension timely to prevent complications. HTN is diagnosed by performing repeated careful measurements of blood pressure. Blood pressure is categorized as follows: Normal blood pressure, defined as systolic blood pressure (SBP) less than 120, and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) less than 80. An elevated BP is an SBP of 120 to 129 and a DBP of less than 80. HTN is defined as a systolic pressure more than or equal to 130 or a diastolic pressure more than or equal to 80. The modification in functional groups present in the culture pellets was identified by measuring the spectra in the range of 400 to 4000 cm -1 using Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy (IR Affinity-I spectrometer, Shimadzu, Japan), as described by Joshi etal. (2021). In brief, 48 h grown cultures in ZMB medium without Hg supplementation were used as a control, whereas cultures with 50 mg/L of Hg supplementation were used as Hg treated. The mixtures (lyophilized cells and 2% KBr) were fixed in the FT-IR spectrometer after compressing them into translucent sample discs, followed by analyzing in ATR-FT-IR mode by following the manufacturer’s protocol. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) analysis of MRB Centre for Ocean Science and Technology for Islands, National Institute of Ocean Technology, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Government of India, Port Blair, India
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