El Monfalouti, H., Charrouf, Z., Belviso, S., et al. (2012). Analysis and antioxidant capacity of the phenolic compounds from argan fruit ( Argania spinosa (L.) Skeels). European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology, 114, 446–452. Cherki, M., Derouiche, A., Drissi, A., et al. (2005). Consumption of argan oil may have an antiatherogenic effect by improving paraoxonase activities and antioxidant status: Intervention study in healthy men. Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases, 15, 352–360. Allai, L., Druart, X., Contell, J., et al. (2015). Effect of argan oil on liquid storage of ram semen in Tris or skim milk based extenders. Animal Reproduction Science, 160, 57–67. Bogdan C, Moldovan ML, Man IM, Crișan M. Preliminary study on the development of an antistretch marks water-in-oil cream: ultrasound assessment, texture analysis, and sensory analysis. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol. 2016;9:249-255. doi:10.2147/CCID.S107298 Oil oxidation is a key factor responsible for oil quality during storage time. The loss of oil nutritional quality and the rise of undesirable off-flavors. This makes foods containing lipids less acceptable to consumers. Moreover, during the oxidation process, some toxic compounds, such as reactive carbonyl compounds can generate advanced lipid peroxidation end products which are potentially harmful to human health ( 67). Argan oil oxidation depends on oil fatty acid composition, the presence of endogenous antioxidants, and external factors, such as high temperatures and high oxygen availability ( 62). It is an undesirable set of chemical reactions that can be perceived, at the initial stage, as a deterioration of both taste and smell (rancidity). The oxidation of oil begins with radical reactions on unsaturated fatty acids and involves multiple stages, resulting in various decomposition products. Most of them are peroxides (primary oxidation products), while alcohols and volatile compounds (aldehydes and ketones) constitute secondary oxidation products ( 29).

Much of the argan oil produced today is made by a number of women's co-operatives. Co-sponsored by the Social Development Agency with the support of the European Union, the UCFA ( Union des Cooperatives des Femmes de l’Arganeraie) is the largest union of argan oil co-operatives in Morocco. It comprises 22 co-operatives that are found in other parts of the region. [19] You can apply argan oil directly to damp or dry hair to improve moisture, reduce breakage, or reduce frizz. Fazoui, H. (2015). The impact of market evolution of argan oil on Moroccan arganeraie. Revista Geologica de America Central, 55, 199–222. Alaoui, B. F., Zeriouh, A., & Belkbir, L. (2001). Conservation study of the argan oil by thermogravimetry. Asian Journal of Chemistry, 13, 144–150.In addition to the fatty acid composition and phytosterol profile, the composition of tocopherol compounds is an important characteristic of argan oil ( 51). The tocopherol composition is closely related to stability, cosmetic, and nutritional proprieties ( 39, 52) and can be used for detecting adulterations in argan oil ( 53). Argan oil is very rich in tocopherols ( 15, 51). The total tocopherol content is between 60 and 90 mg/100 g. γ-tocopherol is the main tocopherol found in argan oil (between 81 and 92 g/100 g), followed by δ-tocopherol (6.2–12.8 g/100 g), α-tocopherol (2.4–6.5 g/100 g), and β-tocopherol (0.1–0.3 g/100 g) ( 28, 46). In addition, it contains other bioactive compounds of important antioxidant power, such as polyphenols ( 54), coenzyme Q10, and melatonin ( 26). El Monfalouti, H., Charrouf, Z., El Hamdouchi, A., et al. (2013a). Argan oil postmenopausal Moroccan women: Impact on the vitamin E profile. Natural Product Communications, 8, 55–57.

Belgharza, M., El Azzouzi, E. H., Hassanain, I., et al. (2014). Viscosity of rapeseed and argan vegetable oils, and their comparison with the mineral oil. Advances in Environmental Biology, 8, 225–227. Harhar, H., Gharby, S., Ghanmi, M., et al. (2010a). Composition of the essential oil of Argania spinosa (Sapotaceae) fruit pulp. Natural Product Communications, 5, 935–936. Lightly apply to your clean, dry hair without massaging it into the scalp — a light coating on your hair’s surface is what you want.The Réseau des Associations de la Réserve de Biosphère Arganeraie (Network of Associations of the Argan Biosphere Reserve, RARBA) was founded in 2002 with the aim of ensuring sustainable development in the Arganeraie. [17] RARBA has been involved with several major projects, including the Moroccan national anti desertification programme (Programme National de Lutte contre la desertification, PAN/LCD). The project involved local populations and helped with improvements to basic infrastructure, management of natural resources, revenue-generating activities (including argan oil production), capacity reinforcement, and others. [18] Social edit Mountasser, A., & El Hadek, M. (1999). Optimisation of factors influencing the extraction of argan oil through pressing. Oléagineux Corps Gras Lipides, 6, 273–279. Projet 1: Programme National de Lutte contre la desertification (PAN/LCD) en partenariat avec la coopération technique Allemande (GTZ)" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-12-14 . Retrieved 2012-07-23.

Indeed, 86 publications were recovered through the literature search within the range of years from 2010 to 2021, 34 of them which represent about 40% are published in the interval of years from 2015 to 2021. Physicochemical Parameters Kondratowicz-Pietruszka, E., & Ostasz, L. (2017). Oxidation changes in argan oil caused by heating and UV irradiation. Polish Journal of Commodity Science, 1, 103–115. Guinda, A., Rada, M., Delgado, T., et al. (2011). Pentacyclic triterpenic acids from Argania spinosa. European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology, 113, 231–237. Use argan oil as a styling product to smooth your hair and tone down frizz. It can also protect your hair from heat styling. Argan oil is rich in vitamin E, or tocopherol, a fat-soluble vitamin that serves as a potent antioxidant to reduce the damaging effects of free radicals ( 1).Phong C, Lee V, Yale K, Sung C, Mesinkovska N. Coconut, Castor, and Argan Oil for Hair in Skin of Color Patients: A Systematic Review. J Drugs Dermatol. 2022;21(7):751-757. doi:10.36849/JDD.6972

Lequesne, M. G., Mery, C., Samson, M., et al. (1987). Indexes of severity for osteoarthritis of the hip and knee. Validation-value in comparison with other assessment tests. Scandinavian Journal of Rheumatology. Supplement, 65, 85–89. Zoubida Charrouf, Dominique Guillaume (July 31, 2008). "Argan oil: Occurrence, Composition and impact on human health". European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology. 110 (7): 632–636. doi: 10.1002/ejlt.200700220 – via Wiley Online Library. Guillaume, D., & Charrouf, Z. (2013). Argan oil for nutritional and skin care applications. H&PC Today, 8, 28–30. Madawala, S. R. P., Kochhar, S. P., & Dutta, P. C. (2012). Lipid components and oxidative status of selected speciality oils. Grasas y Aceites, 63, 143–151. Khallouki F, Eddouks M, Mourad A, Breuer A, Owen RW. Ethnobotanic, Ethnopharmacologic Aspects and New Phytochemical Insights into Moroccan Argan Fruits. Int J Mol Sci. 2017;18(11):2277. Published 2017 Oct 30. doi:10.3390/ijms18112277

Conclusion

Charrouf, Z., & Guillaume, D. (2011). The rebirth of the argan tree, or how to stop the desert while giving a future to Amazigh women in Morocco. In R. N. Harpelle & B. Muirhead (Eds.), Long-term solutions for a short-term world (pp. 71–86). Waterloo: WLU Press.